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Final exam - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Master to slave
      - Perpetrator to victim
    - - Salutations - military salutations, bows
      - Objects - crown, armor, stethoscope
      - Uniforms - police, doctors, students
      - Placement - throne, behind a desk, etc.
  - - - Sovereign - obedience to the law of a king or other authority
      - Disciplinary - regulates the behavior of people in the social body, not a type of power, but a way to exercise it.
    - - Norm - framework that separates one reality from another; they determine what is acceptable and what is not
      - Order - disciplinary power, a student standing from their desk and walking around, perpetrate the order.
    - - Panopticon
        
        Produced by Jeremy Bentham to show how contemporary power is practiced.
        
        Benefits - You never know when you're being watched, so you have to behave all the time, instills self-discipline and enforcement of society's rules. People control themselves.
        
        Quotes
        
        "Each individual, in his place, is securely confined to a cell from which he is seen from the front by the supervisor; but the side walls prevent him from coming into contact with his companions. He is seen, but he does not see; he is the object of information, never a subject in communication."
        
        "Bentham laid down the principle that power should be visible and unverifiable. Visible: the inmate will constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon. Unverifiable: the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at any one moment; but he must be sure that he may always be so."
    - - Languages set perception by default: in Western societies if not specified people are considered to be of white color; if the gender is not specified the person is male; if not specified we consider the person in question to be healthy.
  - - - Power over people or nature
      - Power of the manager
      - Individual or group power
- - - - Acknowledged by the state rule with the authority of power
      - There are: A Constitution and set of other laws (general (for everyone) and special laws)
    - - Accepted by the community rule, it is traditional and consists of wisdom of previous generations
  - - - More general than legal norms. They do not exist by facts and cannot be proven via experience. Morality cannot distinguish between different types of killings because it doesn't find killing to be moral at all.
    - - More particular than moral norms and how people react to their external relations. External relations are objects of regulation by the law, but the internal relations are regulated by morality. It should be noted that if one violates the norms, law can only sanction the act but not the motive or the internal relations that caused the act in question.
  - - - There are universal moral principles or rights inherent in human nature, independent of any laws or societal norms. These principles are believed to be discoverable through reason and provide a framework for what is considered right and wrong.
    - - Legal positivism argues that law is a social construct, valid because it's made by a legitimate authority and accepted by society, not because it's based on morality or natural law. It emphasizes the separation between law and morality, stating that laws are valid regardless of their moral merit.