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The Move to Global War: Japan, Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): After…

- - - - Education:
        
        the new curriculum emphasized loyalty to the state, family and community
        
        students were instructed to value Japan's special institution, the Emperor, his divinity and other aspects of Japanese history and culture
        
        emphasis on Japanese uniqueness heavily contributed to ultranationalism
      - Belief that because Japan was not colonialized and was the only successful, independent modern state, then Japan should lead the rest of Asia
    - - Education:
        
        teachers in training had to learn military drills
        
        By 1920, students throughout the country were also required to participate in these drills
      - Politics:
        
        Domestic:
        
        The Meiji Constitution enshrined the special relationship between the military and the Emperor, with the military reporting directly to him
        
        The military held cabinet positions in the government ==> the army and navy could affect politics and ensure their growth and maintenance
        
        Foreign:
        Japan wanted to be respected by Western nations; felt that they were prejudiced against (racism)
        
        Paris Peace Conference (1919):
        
        Japan and other non-European countries demanded a clause against racial discrimination
        ==> there was racial segregation and heavy discrimination in USA and most European empires, so powerful states were not interested in addressing this issue
        
        Japan wanted to keep the Shantung Peninsula. However, China demanded its return
        --> the USA clearly wanted it to be a part of China to limit Japan's ambitions in the region
        
        Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922)/ the Five-Power Treaty:
        
        For every 5 capital ships Britain or US were allowed, Japan could only have 3 -> 60% of the size of either US or Britain
        ==> Japan felt 60% the size of US' fleet was inadequate for self-defence
        
        The Nine-Power Treaty required Japan to remove its military from the Shandong Peninsula and called on all nations to respect China's independence and borders
        
        London Naval Conference (1930):
        The Japanese Navy's leadership insisted Japan have a fleet 70% the tonnage of either US or Britain.
        
        The government compromised with 69.75% for battleships, but 60% for cruisers
        Japan's navy objected and threatened to bring down the government
      - Military encounters with other powers
        
        Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
        Treaty of Portsmouth:
        
        allowed Japan to expand into Manchuria
        
        However, Japan felt that they were short-changed as the West did not want an Asian state to have more power than them
        
        Japan acquired international respect and authority, in addition to the treaty's benefits
        
        USA agreed to Japanese control over Korea in return for Japan allowing US full dominance over the Philippines
        
        Britain extended the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and recognized Japan's control over Korea
  - - - Industrialization:
        
        need for resources (coal) for industrialization
        
        Between 1895 and 1915: Japan's industrial output increased by 250%
        
        Japan wanted to increase their exports
        --> by expanding, it guarantees them a market and inflow of money
        
        Zaibatsu (monopolies)
        wanted more resources to increase production
        --> their control over government matters allowed for the creation and maintenance of economic policies that favoured them
      - Social stresses and Employment:
        
        Industrialization increased income to many poor rural families, allowing them to buy more clothing and other basic necessities, as well as increase their food intake ==> stimulated economy to produce further goods and jobs
        
        After WW1, the demand for Japanese exports decreased
        --> millions were suddenly unemployed
        ==> Japanese economy severely shrank
      - The Great Depression:
        Many countries raised trade barriers to reduce foreign competition --> Japan, who relied on exports, was practically shut off from their greatest trading partner (USA)
        increased unemployment and hunger led to political unrest
        --> there was a rise in strikes and riots
    - - The Great Depression:
        The finance minister was assassinated (26 Feb 1936 Incident)
        He was replaced with a military appointee ==> military needs came to dominate the government
        The military-controlled government adopted a 12-year plan to modernize and expand the armed forces
        
        spending would continue to increase drastically with the expansion of the military and military production
        
        As Japan lacked natural resources and exported fewer consumer products to pay for imported materials, increased military production stressed Japan
    - - Toseiha (Control faction):
        wanted to reform Japan's government rather than destroy it
        
        ally with the zaibatsu and government officials to suppress government parties
        
        wanted to government to control the economy
        
        wanted to prepare the nation for eventual total war within China and possibly other states
      - Sakurakai (Cherry Blossom Society) and Kodoha (Imperial Way faction):
        more radical, wanted the complete destruction of all political parties (including the zaibatsu and government)
        
        wanted direct rule from the Emperor --> destroy the corrupt and incompetent governing system
        
        wanted war with the Soviet Union and elimination of socialist and communist groups
      - o/c: the government turned to other army and naval officers
        ==> The military's political position strengthened as there was an increased appointment of prime ministers from the army and navy
- - - - LON's response
        
        China appealed to the LON:
        the League responded with great caution, and formed the Lytton Commission to investigate the Mukden Incident and Japan's occupation
        
        The Lytton Report:
        
        found there was reason for Japanese invasion:
        
        admitted there was an inefficient and corrupt Chinese government in the province
        
        found that Japan made major financial investments
        
        However, they determined the invasion was not a result of wanting to protect Manchurians from China
        
        there was no obvious support for the new state of Manchukuo by the Chinese population
        
        The LON General Assembly voted a motion on Feb 1933 to condemn Japan as an aggressor nation
        
        42 nations voted against Japan, with only Japan voting for itself
        ==> the Japanese delegate walked out of the General Assembly and Japan withdrew from the LON in March
        - Japan suffered no consequence as a result of it's departure
      - China's response
        
        Chiang Kai-shek's lack of action:
        
        Chiang realized Japan's military was stronger and likely to win in a direct battle
        
        Chiang was also more concerned with the challenges to his rule and the rise of communism in the rest of China
      - USA's response
        
        USA enforced an Open Door Policy (called for all nations to have equal access to China's markets)
        
        Japan's invasion of Manchuria disrupted this policy
        However, the US did not place any restrictions on their trade with Japan or Manchuria
        
        USA was also concerned as they were unable and lacked desire to interfere militarily --> created the Stimson Doctrine (policy that stated the USA would not recognize international border changes that resulted from war)
    - - Manchuria:
        
        was over 4 times the size of Japan
        
        had a low population
        had tremendous amounts of resources that Japan lacked
        
        ==> Japan's military saw Manchuria as the solution to many fo their existing problems
      - Japan's concern over communism:
        Japan's military reasoned that taking control of Manchuria would make it less likely for the Soviet Union to foment communist unrest in the area
      - Japan's concerns over their railway:
        Japan was alarmed that their South Manchurian Railway (which justified their military presence) was rapidly being undermined
        --> China had begun construction of rival railways that were starting to operate at full capacity
        - decreased revenues for Japan
    - - Almost immediately, Japan created the illusion that they only helped Manchuria to achieve independence from chaotic China
        
        Manchuria was presented to the world as an independent state
        
        Manchukuo applied to be a member of the LON, however it was denied: a clear indication that other countries saw Manchukuo's independence as a sham and that the country was just a puppet state
  - - - the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937):
        July 1937: Chinese and Japanese troops fought briefly at the Marco Polo bridge
        
        Japan demanded an apology but China refused
        By the end of July, both Japan and China had sent huge armies into northern China
        13 Aug: China sent a bomber aircraft to attack an area of Shanghai that Japan controlled
        
        -start of war-
      - Impact of war on Japan:
        Japan was not prepared for long-term war
        
        Many leading generals and admirals believed the war with China was too great a drain on resources and that this critically-weakened anti-Soviet defences
    - - Chiang Kaishek continued to work towards consolidating his power:
        
        He executed former warlords who had previously held independence
        
        He named himself president of various clubs and organizations bassed at Chongqing
      - Collapse of the Second United Front (1941):
        The CCP's New Fourth Army was essentially destroyed by a much greater force led by the KMT
        
        this cemented the idea that the KMT were more interested in fighting their own people than Japan
  - - - Increasing tensions between Japan and USA before war:
        
        1940: Japan invaded Vietnam
        
        US prohibited the sale of scrap iron and steel to Japan (The US was one of the main suppliers for metals to Japan for its industries)
        
        US increased financial assistance to China
        
        1941: Japan conquered the rest of Vietnam
        
        US froze all assets in Japan
        
        US banned the sale of oil to Japan
        
        US granted $240million to China
        
        26 Nov 1941: The Hull Note
        US demanded Japan:
        
        remove all its troops from Indochina and China (including Manchuria)
        
        end its participation in the Tripartite Alliance
        
        repudiate the Republic of China that Japan had created
        
        07 Dec 1941: Pearl Harbour
        
        Oil Embargo (1941)
        Without oil and its by-products (fuel for ships, aircrafts and tanks) Japan's war against China would collapse
        --> the next largest source of oil was the Dutch East Indies ==> Japan made plans for its occupation
        Japan assumed the US would be provoked into war by a move to the Dutch East Indies (especially since the Philippines, a US colony, lay between Japan and the Indies)
        ==> Japan planned to to attack the USA by defeating the US navy's Pacific fleet based in Pearl Harbour
      - Increasing tensions during war: attack on US territories
        
        Japan attacked the Philippines by air (08 Dec) and thousands of Japanese troops landed to begin invasion of the islands
        
        Invasion of Guam attacked by air (08 Dec), with Japanese forces landing within days to take control of the islands
        
        Wake Islands held a US airbase. (08 Dec) Japan attacked by air and conquered the island within several weeks, providing Japan with airfields that allowed it to control a large section of the Pacific Ocean
      - Increasing tensions during war: attack on US allied territories
        
        Japanese troops invaded Malaysia (08 Dec) and Japanese aircraft attacked British naval vessels in the area
        --> all of Malaysia and Singapore were captured by mid-1942
        
        Japan attacked Britain's great port in China, Hong Kong (08 Dec), and conquered it by end-December
        
        Burma, a territory that produced oil, was placed under immediate pressure when Thailand was invaded (08 Dec) from French Indochina
        --> Thailand immediately surrendered, and Burma was invaded by forces from Thailand and Japan
    - - Creation of the Tripartite Pact (1940) between Germany, Italy and Japan:
        Germany's invasion of France and the Netherlands by mid-1940 allowed the Japanese to expand it's empire into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies, moving towards the USA
      - April 1941: Japan and the Soviet Union signed a neutrality agreement promising neither would engage in war against one another
        --> Japan did not have to fear a Soviet attack