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Issues and Debates - Coggle Diagram
Issues and Debates
Assess issues of culture and gender in psychology
AO1- Ethnocentrism - belief that ones own culture/ethnic group is superior to others - leads to bars from psychologists when interpreting findings
Androcentrism - tendency to centre men ir the male experience in research
AO3- Stigma in social psychology that females tend to be more obedient - but milligram found similar rates of obedience between male and female pptps - 65/66%
- however Chilean and Man did find gender differences in obedience as in milligram style experiments in Australia females were found to be less obedient at 16% compared to males at 40%
- alsmofound to be cultural differences in obedience - collectivist cultures tend to be more obedient and prejudice as cooperation and compliance are important values to them whilst they favour their in-group and value them more highly - Al Zahrni and Kaplowitz- compared Saudi- collectivist and American - individualistic cultures and found Saudi pptps were more discriminatory
Cognitive - Sebastian and Hernandez Gil - findings suggested Spanish speaking population have a lower digit span - longer words than anglo Saxon ,less chance for rehearsal - may suggest this culture has lower levels of intelligence
Schemas - we each have individual schemas based on unique experiences so differ between culture and gender
Biological - suggests men are more aggressive as they're more biologically determined to behave so - D'Andrade , higher level of testosterone both pre and post nasally + role of evolution - age is an evolutionary advantage trait to males to protect offspring /mates
Learning - we each have diff behaviours reinforced /punsihed depending on our gender /culture - Fagot found boy were punished for playing with dolls but positively reinforced for playing with stereotypically male toys like trucks
Bandura- found we are more likely to imitate sam sex rm
Clinical- diff diagnostic systems in diff cultures - DSM in America , ICD across the world - culture differences in diagnosis
Culture - bound mental health syndromes - confined to one culture not experienced universally e.g Koro - fear of genital retraction in malaysia
Anorexia - 90% females
Criminal - gender differences in crime rates - XYY syndrome, personality - pyschoticism - higher levels of testosterone and SFP- Men labelled as criminlas
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Asses how far psychological research can be considered ethical
AO1- research hs to meet the BPS code of ethics and conduct 2009 so people are safe and protected from mistreatment
Human pptps should not be caused any distress or harm in research + should be not be deceived at any point of the study- however this is sometimes necessary in order to prevent deman characteristics
Human pptps have the right to withdraw at any rime and their personal details kept confidential e.g through the use of pseudonyms like HM
Animal research governed by the scientific procedure act - all researchers using animals in research must have a licence from the Home Office
Researchers must ensure their caged appropriately as close to their natural environment - sometimes not possible due to having to control in exp
Must ensure pain and discomfort kept to a minimum- use of anaesthesia when needed
Batesons cube - making a cost benefit analysis- however subjective
Utilitarian argument - suffering of small animals is justified when it benefits a greater number of humans
AO3- Watson and Rayner created a situation where Little Albert developed a fear response to white rat - highly unethical - the outcome did not outweigh the poor ethical considerations - ungeneralisable
Clive Wearing - widely published and his true identity known to society - failed to protect his personal details - vulnerable due to memory loss
Pavlov- caused distress to the dogs- "harness boxes" - invasive procedures /surgery to remove osophegus
Skinner - use of rat boxes to inv pos reinforcement - electric floor
Assess whether reductionism could be considered to be beneficial for pscyhology
AO1- Reductionism means looking at the smaller , isolated parts of human behaviour when studying and measuring it - narrowing down specific concepts
Should be measurable- smaller parts of the whole can be operationalised - help researchers take a scientific approach to styudying behaviour
Holism- looks at the whole person instead as it considers the influences of wider social and contextual experiences that impact behaviour
AO3 - Realistic conflict theory could be argued to be reductionist - fails to condor how formation of groups could lead to prejudice - e.g boys may have been prjeudice due to being split into two groups
Milgrams theory of obedience - fails to look at how situational factors effect obedience - social impact theory more holistic
MSM - reductionist model , reduced human memory to input and output process - other models of memory emerged as this was considered too simplistic - e.g bartless theory of reconstructive memory - viewed memory as a whole process rather than separate structural memory features
Brain scanning techniques - look at specific regions can help understand human behaviour e.g Raine
Classical conditioning reduces human behaviour down to simplistic stimulus response processes- does not consider role of reward/punsihemnt on behaviour or imitation
Successful drug treatments for mental health disorders come fro studies of isolated parts of the brain e.g dopamine hypothesis
XYY chromosome - has been associated with with aggressiin - allowed psychology to isolate a biological component that could impact the way people behave - but can lead to labelling
Psychological formulation and cognitive interview considered more holistic approaches to assessing criminal behaviour
Assess whether psychology can be considered a science
AO1- science is the empirical study of physical evidence that is observable through the senses
- its objective , unbiased must be operationalisable and falsifiable - proven wrong
Repliciability - standarised controls and lab experiments - undertaken in artificial environment
AO3- Field experiments can be condsidered unscientific e.g Sherif robbers cave as it is harder to control extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables
Milgram - can be considered scientific as he sued standardised procedure e.g same 4 verbal rpods
Cognitive - large use of labratory experiments to investigate memory e.g Baddedeu - high researcher control, standardised procedures - same 10 word list
Biological - brain scanning techniques are highly scientific as they're are a completely objective measure
Animal experiments - high;y scientific conducted in lab experiments , high control etc.
However theoretical concepts not scientific as they are not operationalisable and not falsifiable e.g Freuds concept of the id, eg etc.
Observations - collect qualitative data - less scientific as its not objective - however this may be necessary describe human behaviour in more depth - so psychology may need to not be scientific
Learning theories - aimed to empirically observe behavioural responses to stimuli e.g Pavlov
Interviews/questionaares used in clinical psych - unscientific as based on self report data that's prone to subjectivie interpretation/ social desirbaililty
Loftus and Palmer used standardised procedure - same critical question
Asses the practical issue in the design and implementation of research
AO1- Generlisability, reliability and validity
- population validity - when sample is unreported of TP researcher wants to investigate
- experimental validity - how reliable and valid the researcher is at carrying out the hypothesis - e.g affected by DC
AO3- findings not generalisable to the wider pop - case studies of brain damaged patients - Phineas gage - unique , cannot be replicated - brain damage will be diff in every patient
Demand characteristcs reducing experimental validity - to reduce the risk of this a researcher can deceive the pptps of the real aim - milligram did this by telling them his study was inv the effect of punishment on learning
Replicability of research - animal research typically undertaken in labs where experimenter has high control over extraneous variables so procedure can easily be replicated to check for the consistency of the findings
Ecology of a study may be low if it does not reflect the pptps natural environment - experiments inv memory - artificial task lacks mundane realism
Assess nature v nutrture debate in psychology AO1- Nurture can be defined as behaviour being determined by an individuals enviroenmt /external factors
Nature - the an iidiiv behaviour is determined by biological circumstances /characteristics
AO3- social impact theory- we are more likely to obey due to situational factors - nurture
Prejudice - Adorno's f scale - personalty type is nature
Cognitive - nurture- we can improve our memory abilities via rehearsal however an individual may have an autobiographical memory
Biological- suggests egg is due to nature - hormone , brain dysfunction e.g Raine found differences in brain functioning between murderes and controle
brendgen - -found 50-60% of physical aggression could be explained through genetic causes - whereas social agression may be due to nurture - only 20% can be explained by genetics
Social Control AO1- the regulation of other people behaviour for social purposes, in order to adhere to society's rules - can be positive/negative
AO3- Social - Social impact theory- helps to promote social control as suggests police should tackle large hooliganism crowds in small groups due to divisions of impact /diffusion of responsibility
Sherif - positive social control throight eh use of superordinates goals as he found this inc intergroup friendships between the boys from 7% to 33% and so can be used in society to reduce conflict between groups e.g ins schools to prevent bullying
Research can be used to manipulate obedience - of we understand what conditions create the highest levels of obedience this knwoleged can be used to snore individuals comply- e.g this is why police officers wear uniforms , how many students should be In a classroom
Criminal research has had an impact on the legal system - Loftus snd Palmer - reliability of EWT - used to dictate who can testify and under what conditions - the use of leading questions for manipulation in courtrooms - negative
Operant conditioning - Token economy programmers - given secondary reinforcers to exchange for primary reinforcers- Paul and Lentx inv off of TEP by reinforcing Sz patients when they behave accordingly- reduced som motor symptoms - however not morally correct - benefitted the staff for making patients more manageable
Vicaious reinforcement - can be used by TVs and video games as a form of social control - rewarding RM making it more likely viewers will repeat this behaviour
Leballing using the 4Ds may be a way of controlling someone to conform to society's standards - if they do not then psychiatric treatment will
Assess the use of psychological knowledge in society
AO1- Milgrams research into obedience increased out understanding of the situations in which blind , destructive obedience is most likely to happen
- Working meme0ry model provides an understanding of processing speeds and phonological development in STM
Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory helps t understand why memory can be inaccurate
Role of brain functioning and structures in age - can be used to provide early intervention
Social learning theory - importance of role model in learning of behaviour
Explanations of behaviours as a result of hormones have explained how human behaviour can be due to imbalanced testosterone etc.
Cognitive - research into memory helps students with revision stratgies - should revise based on meaning - mindmpas and without music - both require use of phonological loop
Brendan - intevrention into those with high levels of physical aggression to prevent soca aggression developing
Class conditioning - understanding for how phobias a re acquired has led to useful treatment e.g SD
Supeoridnate goals - can be used to reduce prejudice in society
-AO3 - knwoing the facts that impact obedience can help society with prevention strategies to reduce atrocities such as the My Lai Massacre from happening again
Understadning optimum conditions for obdedience to an AF- used negatively in society for those who seek to influence others
Knowlegs of WM can help students
Research into EWt can be used to not use leading questions and cannot bet used as sole evidence in court - Devlin report
Raine - brain techniques helped him find that murders pleading quilty of NGRI had difference sin brain functioning - violence can be deterministic
bandoras Research into bobo dolls - utilised to increase game censorship and vic rein foment in rm
Agg linked to testosterone has led to treatments fro Mal offenders e.g MPAs
Systematic desenisstion - caapofns - 90% effective
Assess socially sensitive research in psycology AO1- when topics being researched ae likely to evoke a strong emotional response from ppts, or where there are potential consequences or implications for the community involved
- Siber and Stanley coined the term social sensitivity in 1988 to describe studies where there ar potential social consequences for the pptps of group of people rep by the research
- 4 aspects that raise implications - The research Question , the methodology used , institutional context and the interpretation and Application of findings
- explaining aggression throiugh brain abnormality could reduce personal responsibility for violent acts
Bio expl look to nature to explain egg /criminal behaviours - XYY chromome
AO3- Rosenhan - found the poor treatment of patients in hospital which positively influecned health practices to improve their services - however may have been distressing to the staff/hospita;
Raine - found brains of murders has abnormalities - could diminish criminals so responsibility - changing perceptions of guilt in the legal system
Research linking intelligence to genetics should be considered socially sensitive e.g Sebastian and Hernandez Gil - Spanish pop had lower ds
Assess how psychology has changed over time AO3- Burger - evolved over time to develop more ethical considerations - highest voltage was 150V compared to 450V
Milgram - changing social attitudes- research into obedience after the holocaust wants dot argue the blind obedience was due to the German character - but milligram showed blind obedience can be put down to the agent shift
Cognitive - various models emerged from the MSM after claims it was too simplistic -WMM- 2000 Baddeley added the episodic buffer to account for how info is transferred from from STM to LTM
Biological- modern brain techniques like brains canning have allowed psychologists to understand the link between biology and criminality e.g Raine
Clinical - Diagnostic systems have changed over time to reflect changing understanding of symptoms - DSM revised 4 times and in 5th addition allows for more specific diagnosis - also added 15 new disorders including hoading disorder and culture bound syndromes like ghost sickness
Treatments have also developed over time - lobotomy were used to treat schizophrenia - led to major chagnges in personality and highly unethical to perform - now we have antipsychotics that treat Sz and CBT