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Hydrology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Warming the atmosphere creates greater atmospheric demand for water vapour
        
        Increases evaporation rate, and warmer air can hold more water, so there is an increase in cloud formation and rainfall
        
        Positive feedback loop - water is a GHG, so increases radiative forcing and heating when more is present in the atmosphere
    - - Less water vapour, so less cloud formation and rain, deserts can form
  - - - Less dense as ice - 917kg/m3
      - Densest around 4C, 999kg/m3
    - - Water and ice mostly transparent to shortwave radiation
        
        Reflect at low angles
      - Snow and clouds have high albedo, reflect shortwave
      - Water vapour/clouds absorb longwave
    - - High Specific Heat (energy needed for heating) - 4,180 Jkg-1 oC-1
        
        Needs more energy to heat than other substances
      - High Latent Heat
        
        Latent heat of vaporisation - 2.45 million J kg-1
        
        Vaporises at any temp, even as ice, just vaporises vigorously at 100C
  - - - Ocean
        
        Evaporation
        
        Atmosphere
        
        Condensation
        
        Precipitation
        
        Holds 0.001% of Earth's water
        
        Links water stores through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
        
        99% of water circulation in the atmosphere is in the troposphere
        
        Lapsed temp profile - cold up high, warm near the surface due to solar heating
        
        1 more item...
        
        Transports sensible and latent heat
  - - - a global wind system driven by the large scale thermal imbalance
      - Broken into circulation cells by the coriolis effect
- - - - lower sections lack a covering of fresh snow during summer
  - - - Over time, ice thaws and refreezes around the centre of the crystal, making rounder firm snow
        
        Compacted and pushed down by weight of snow above, with the cycle repeating over time
        
        Firm ice
        
        Fine-grained ice
        
        Coarse-grained ice
  - - - Form if the glacier is moving faster than the ice can deform
        
        Transverse - extending across the glacier
        
        Longitudinal/radial - spreading out at the base where the ice is spreading out