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Bladder Cancer, Breast cancer, Endometrium, Ovarian cancer, Cervix cancer …

- - - - Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women.
      - Approximately 600,000 new cases and 340,000 deaths were reported in 2020.
    - - Anatomy:
        
        The cervix is part of the female reproductive system, located at the lower end of the uterus.
      - Pathophysiology:
        
        Begins with precancerous changes known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
        
        Progresses to invasive cancer if untreated.
      - Types:
        
        Squamous cell carcinoma (most common).
        
        Adenocarcinoma.
  - - - Recommended for girls and boys aged 9–14.
      - Protects against high-risk HPV types.
    - - Regular Pap smears detect precancerous changes.
      - HPV DNA testing for high-risk infections.
    - - Use of condoms.
      - Avoiding smoking.
  - - - Early stages often have no symptoms.
      - Abnormal vaginal bleeding (e.g., after intercourse, between periods).
      - Unusual vaginal discharge.
      - Pelvic pain.
    - - FIGO Staging System:
        
        Stage I: Confined to the cervix.
        
        Stage II: Spread beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall.
        
        Stage III: Spread to the lower vagina or pelvic wall.
        
        Stage IV: Spread to distant organs (e.g., lungs, liver).
      - Staging Techniques:
        
        Clinical examination.
        
        Imaging (MRI, CT, PET-CT).
  - - - Early-stage (Stage I): 90–95% five-year survival.
      - Advanced-stage (Stage IV): Less than 20%.
    - - Stage at diagnosis.
      - Treatment response.
      - Overall health.