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Particulate Matter - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Coughing
      - Shortness of breath
      - Wheezing
      - Asthma
      - COPD
      - Acute respiratory infections
        
        Bronchitis
        
        Pneumonia
    - - FEV1 decrease
        
        CO difussion capacity decrease
      - Lung development in children decrease
      - Damage occurs even at “moderate” PM levels
    - - Increased use of rescue inhalers and corticosteroids
      - Prescription rates rise during high PM days
    - - Pediatric hospitalizations for bronchiolitis increase
      - Emergency room visits for asthma and COPD increase
      - Stronger effects in children, the elderly, and people with chronic diseases
    - - Increased respiratory mortality when PM increase
      - WHO estimates 800,000 premature deaths from PM2.5 per year
  - - - Heart failure
      - Heart attack
      - Arrhytmias
    - - Ischemic events
    - - Altered immune response
- - - - Sulfates and nitrates
  - - - Soot
    - - Sulfates
- - - - Release of proinflammatory cytokines
        
        IL-1
        
        IL-6
        
        TNF-α
    - - Asthma
      - COPD
  - - - CRP
      - IL-6
- - - - Acids
        
        Eg.
        
        Nitrates
        
        Sulfates
      - Organic compounds
      - Metals
      - Soot
      - Dust
    - - PM2.5
        
        Particles ≤ 2.5 µm
        
        Fine
        
        The most harmful fraction for human health
      - PM0.1
        
        Particles ≤ 0.1 µm
        
        Ultrafine
        
        Smaller PM penetrates deeper into the lungs and even the bloodstream
      - PM10
        
        Particles ≤ 10 µm
        
        Coarse