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Alkyl Halides - Coggle Diagram
Alkyl Halides
Nu Substitution
Fundamentals
Solvolysis
nucleophile is molecule of solvent
Transition state
Based on kinetics
Sn2
Applications
properties
Stereochemistry
Inversion of configuration
At chirality centre changes R to S and cis to trans
concerted - occurs simultaneously
Conditions
Sn1
properties
multi step rxn
forms intermedaite - very slow
occurs mostly in 3 degree carbons
dominant at moderate temp and dilute base
Stereochemistry
Nu reacts from either back or front side
racemic mixture formed
Favoured by polar protic solvents
Carbocation
Structure
relative stability
Sni
Factors affecting sn1 and sn2
Elimination
Fundamentals
Types
Based on atom position
1,2 or beta
Syn elimination
E(i)
Pyrolosis of esters
Cope rxn
Pyrolosis of xanthates
Anti elimination
Dehydrohalogenation
E1
E2
Attacked by a lewis base
Bases used in it
CB of alcohol or alkoxide
E(1cb)
1,1 or alpha
Sn v/s E
Sn1 v/s E1
Sn2 v/s E2 factors
Size of base/Nu
Hindered (Large size) base -> Elimination
Unhindered (small size) base -> Substitution
Temperature
High temp -> elimination
Low temp -> Substitution
Polarizability of base/Nu
Weakly basic -> Substitution
Strongly basic -> Elimination
Substrate steric hindrance
Intro