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Philosophy Semester II Revision - Coggle Diagram
Philosophy Semester II Revision
Power
Social relation
The ability to influence or impact others, decisions, etc.
Grounded in inequality
Fame, strength, the prerogative to punish
Categories of power
Individual or collective
Over people and nature
Managerial power
Visible power
Dominance and submission
Perpetrator-victim relationship
Asymmetry of relations
Uniforms - police, doctors, military, etc.
Objects - crown, armory, stethoscope
Salutations - bows, kneeling, etc.
Placement - throne, desk, podium
invisible power
Michel Foucault
Sovereign power - obedience to the law
Disciplinary power - authority, regulation of the individual thinking and behavior
Norms and order
Separate one reality from the other (social norms)
Surveillance
Panopticon example
Lack of knowledge if you're being watched or not
Language as an expression of power
Law
Rule of law
Laws regulate one’s limits to execute his freedom so that it does not interfere with someone else’s freedom.
Social aspect
there are social conflicts based on people’s various interests, desires and goals. Sometimes, one’s interests and goals clash with someone else’s
The idea of right
Right/Law is a way of coordinating and protecting human freedom as far as it is externally implemented.
Source
Tradition – accepted by the community rule, it is traditional and consists of wisdom of previous generations
acknowledged by the state rule with the authority of power
Moral norms
general principles or imperatives
different concepts and thus the decision to follow a moral norm is subjective. The decision that an act is a moral one depends on the traditional customs, thinking, emotions, motives and conscience.
Legal norms
more particular and refer to how people act and to their external relations
laws prescribe not only obligations but also rights to people
Natural law
moral theory, the moral standards that govern human behavior are objectively derived from the nature of human beings and the nature of the world.
While being logically independent of natural law legal theory, the two theories intersect.
Positive law
a philosophy of law that emphasizes the conventional nature of law—that it is socially constructed.
law is synonymous with positive norms, that is, norms made by the legislator or considered as common law or case law.
Formal criteria of law’s origin, law enforcement and legal effectiveness are all sufficient for social norms to be considered law
State
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
Human nature
Naturally good and benevolent
Guided by empathy and self-preservation
Corrupted by society and private property
Born free but remains chained
Civil society and property
Private property create inequality and division
Entrenches justice and corruption
Favor the wealthy and oppress the poor and needy
Social contract
Freedom, equality and rule of law
Legitimacy comes from a general will for governance
A path to liberty
Government
Power belongs to the people
General will is the good of all citizens
Delegation of authority via a constitution
Small, agrarian republics
Avoidance of the dominance of private will
JOHN LOCKE
Human nature and state of nature
People are rational, free and equal
Guided by reason and capable of cooperation
Life, Liberty and Property (natural rights)
Social contract
Popular consent to form a government which resolves disputes
The government protects rights and freedoms
The right to revolt against tyranny and oppression
Rule of law and liberty
Preservation and enlargement of liberty
True freedom - action within laws to protect rights
Limited government intervention
Opposition to absolutism
Separation of powers and checks and balances
Legacy
Father of liberalism
Influenced the French and American revolutions
Inspiration for the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution
Thomas Hobbes
Human nature
Naturally selfish and life is nasty, brutal and evil
Constant fear of violence and threats
Condition of war - a perpetual state of war
Social contract
Individuals surrender their freedoms to a ruler
Rational desire to avoid chaos and anarchy
Basis for political legitimacy
Governing role
Favoring monarchy but everything stable works
Peace and security>individual rights
Secular rule
Not based on divine right but on a rational contract
Justice
Notion and concept of justice
a proper proportion between a person’s merits and the good and bad things that befall or are allotted to him or her.
Etymology from Latin: "Justicia" means fairness
Plato
The stronger enforce laws and create their own justice
The decision of the stronger is just
Obeying the will of the stronger
Social hierarchy
Aristotle
Retributive justice
Distribution of wealth and other goods
Justice in reparation
John Rawls
justice as fairness around specific interpretations of the ideas that citizens are free and equal and that society should be fair
Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity
Robert Nozik
Principle of acquisition
Principle of rectification
Principle of transfer
Types of justice
Social
It refers to the organization of society in such a way that the common good to which all are expected to contribute in proportion to their ability and opportunity is available to all the members for their ready use and enjoyment.
Commutative
establishing a certain arithmetical equality between the values of things that people need