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Exam - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Tradition (community customs)
      - State Laws (formal rules)
      - Constitution and statutes (general and special laws)
  - - - General, internal (motives, beliefs)
      - Voluntary and culturally shaped
      - Enforced by conscience and social judgment.
    - - Specific, external (actions, relations)
      - Imposed by state authority
      - Enforced through formal penalties and rights.
  - - - Morality is objective and rooted in human nature.
      - Law must align with moral principles to be valid.
      - Connects legal authority with ethical legitimacy.
    - - Law is man-made and separate from morality
      - Validity comes from enactment, not ethics.
      - Emphasizes legal procedures and enforceability.
- - - - Social justice (duties to the state and fair access to common goods),
      - Commutative justice (fair, equal exchange between private individuals).
- - - - "Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains." — Opening line of The Social Contract.
      - "To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man."
      - "You are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the Earth belong to us all, and the Earth itself to nobody."
    - - Uniting freedom and equality as complementary values.
      - Trusting in laws and the state to improve society.
      - Advocating for popular sovereignty as the basis of legitimate government.
    - - Civil society began when people formed communities around private property, causing inequality:
        "The first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, thought of saying 'This is mine,' and found people simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society." (from Discourse on Inequality)
      - Rousseau saw private property as a dividing force, but not inherently evil — it can enhance freedom if distributed fairly.
    - - Humans originally existed in a state of nature: free, peaceful, self-sufficient, and happy — similar to animals.
      - They were not inherently evil, but became corrupt due to unjust institutions, especially evil governments.
    - - Humans traded natural liberty for social contracts and laws to gain civil peace and organized life.
      - Rousseau believed freedom can still exist within the state if laws are created by the people and reflect the general will (the collective good).
    - - The "general will" is the collective will of the people, expressing the common good.
      - It is not the same as the majority opinion — it is what is best for all.
      - Through the general will, people are both rulers and ruled, ensuring freedom through self-governance.
  - - - "The condition of man is a condition of war."
      - "Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice." (Leviathan, 1651)
    - - Associated Ideology: Realism
      - Key Political Focus: Social contract — the agreement by which individuals give up certain freedoms to secure peace through authority.
      - Enduring Legacy: Influenced the realist tradition in international relations, where power and self-interest dominate in the absence of overarching authority.
    - - Natural State of Humanity: Life without a governing authority is a "war of every man against every man."
      - In the State of Nature life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." There is no justice or injustice because law doesn't exist.
        A powerful ruler (the Leviathan) must subdue destructive self-interest and enforce peace.
    - - Precursors to Hobbes: Jean Bodin developed early ideas of sovereignty and divine right of kings.
      - Historical Events Influencing Hobbes:
        
        English Civil War (1642–1651): Raised questions about monarchs ruling without Parliament.
        
        Glorious Revolution (1688): Established limits on monarchy through the 1689 Bill of Rights.
        
        Glorious Revolution (1688): Established limits on monarchy through the 1689 Bill of Rights.
      - Enlightenment Thinkers: Rejected divine right; searched for new sources of legitimacy (like consent and reason).