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TOPIC 4 1984-94 - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 4 1984-94
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DE KLERK'S NEW COURSE
End to Apartheid with power sharing between groups
Reflected the Realities of 1980s:
- Verge of Civil War
- Economic decline
- NP losing support 124 seats in 1987, 94 in 1990
- End to Cold War
Recognised need for negotiation, and the release of political prisoners
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UNBANNING OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Has little impact on violence, but did facilitate democratic elections - ANC had little political influence in SA
ANC ISSUES
Participants of violence were difficult to control
Lacked internal structures and admin
AUGUST 1990 - ANC renounced violence
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POOR WHITES Over 20,000 on benefits
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DISMANTLING APARTHEID
REPEALS
Separation of Amenities Act repealed 1990
1991 - Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act repealed
CODESA 1 1991
Inkhata, PAC and Conservatives did not participate
Mandela and De Klerk disagreed when Mandela refused to condemn ANC
CODESA suspended
DECLARATION OF INTENT
Biggest success of CODESA 1
Committed the government to reform
DeKlerk did a white referendum and 69% of voters agreed to reform
CODESA 2 May 1992
Record of Understanding:
- Release of all political prisoners
- Physical restrictions of the Zulu dwellers (responsible for Inkhata)
- Banning of traditional weapons
Gov agreed pensions and employment rights to all
Mandela said the future gov would be 'National Unity' - members of all parties who received over 5% of the vote
REVOLT IN TOWNSHIPS
UDF
Aug 1983, 575 organisations founded the UDF
Aim was to co-ordinate internal opposition
Goal was new SA government based on the Freedom Charter
Wanted to abandon Bantustans
UDF became known as the internal wing of the ANC
PROTEST STRATEGIES
Support was 2 million (felt they were responding to Tambo's 'make SA ungovernable'
Supported by SAIC and Trade Unions - number of strikes grew by 6x
Marches, protests and demonstrations
1 million signatures for a mass petition
GRASSROOTS
UDF began a programme of 'people's organs, people's power' - using people's personal power
Ciskei workers boycotted buses
Advantage: there was no leader to arrest
1987 UDF banned
Its activities continued and many were arrested (no central organisation for security forced to target)
Unable to stop growing levels of violence
VIOLENCE
1984 - rent strike became violent and 175 people killed
Local courts often descended into violence, with the accused often being lynched or necklaced (tyre set on fire)
1985 - 800 killed by political activity
INKHATA
Hostility between migrant workers and the residents of townships who favoured ANC
Natal - conflict between ANC and Inkhata
Inkhata often had covert gov assistance from security forces and their attacks
Many feared SA would have a Civil War
BOTHA REFORM
Reduce Petty Apartheid
1985 - Mixed Marriages Act repealed
Pass laws abolished 1986
Local authorities encouraged to desegregate
Black Trade Unions allowed
TRICAMERAL PARLIAMENT
3 chambers:
House of Assembly - nearly 200 whites
House of Representatives - 85 coloureds
House of Delegates 45 Indians
Multi-racial cabinet to deal with general affairs eg tax
ROLE OF PRESIDENT
PM became President with executive powers
- Elected by voters (part of Tricameral Parliament)
- Power to dissolve parliament
- Responsible for African Affairs
- Appoint a cabinet with members from 3 chambers
Multi-Racial Presidents Council to settle disputes between chambers
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
US SANCTIONS AND BOYCOTTS
By 1986 - almost 100 US firms closed SA operations
Value of Rand fell by 35%
World Bank figures suggest SA would continue to have low growth rates
INTERNATIONAL ISOLATION
Criticism
British Commonwealth Committee found that SA involvement in international conflicts had let to almost 1 million deaths and millions of dollars worth of damage
Estimated that by 2000, the African population would outweigh the whites 5 to 1
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ALEXANDRA
Michael Diradeng shot by security guard
Sparked a 6 day war
Petrol bombing where he was shot
Police teargassed a crowd of 6000 - 4 died