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‘The beliefs and strategies of the Africanist and integrationist wings of…
‘The beliefs and strategies of the Africanist and integrationist wings of the anti-apartheid movement were fundamentally different in the period from 1948 to 1994.’ How far do you agree?
INTRODUCTION
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CRITERIA: for them to be fundementally different, they must have had to change their core beliefs and tacticz
Politicial settlement
when mandela was released on feb 11 1990, he stood as a face for the ANC and worked with De Klerk during CODESA negotiatons
when it came to negotiations in 1990's,the pac refused to take part in CODESA
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CODESA- convention for a democratic south africa, ANC worked with the national party to achieve the principles in the freedom charter
PAC continued to refuse to work with other group and refused to take part in CODESA because they didn't want to do this and they also wanted africanism
protests
The defiance campaign 1951 was planned to be non violent and begin with local protests, which was to expand to nationwide strikes and protests. over 10.000 attended inital meeting in durban - expanded ANC membership from 4000 to over 100.000 post campaign. only 8500 arrested for defiance
later became violent as they did not see any results with their non-violent approach- mandela's MK or spear of the nation was mandela's military branch of the ANC, carried out over 200 attacks
while mandela was imprisioned on robben island because of the treason trial, in 1963 security forces raided liliesleaf farm and found 250+ incriminating documents
Sharpeville massacre 1960, shows africanist approach, was led by the PAC. 2000 were protesting pass laws in front of a police station, police turned violent and 69 were killed, more injured, 70% were shot in the back while fleaing
Was initially non violent but later became violent as a result of growing government repression, such as the banning of political parties and the supression of 'communism' act- euphemism for any sort of unrest
both the AAM movements shifted from being peaceful to being more direct and violent, result of youth becoming increasingly frustrated with the work of the AAM previously because of their lack of success
Led to the development of Poqo and more direct violent action attack on town of Paarl 1962 where a mob of 250 supporters with axes and home made weaopns attacked the police station and brutally hacked to death 2 young white people
Beliefs
ultimately kept the goals set out in the freedom charter and wanted to create an equal and fully democratic state
later created the freedom charter of 1955, universal rights based on what africans wanted - wanted equality between the races,a democratic state. peoples congress was attended by 3000 delegates from different opposition groups
ANC was an intergrationist group who was willing to work with other organisations, like the SACP in order to achieve and equal state for both black and white africans
Robert Sobukwe was part of the ANCYL but he disagreed with the intergrationist approach and supported africanism, and helped build the PAC in 1957
PAC disagreed with the ANC on working with other groups, and rejected working for an equal state
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