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MEASURING SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL - Coggle Diagram
MEASURING SPEECH
MOTOR CONTROL
ACOUSTIC
Waveform and Spectogram
Doesn't tell us much about articulation
due to
Motor Equivalence
= multiple configurations of articulators
can result in the same output
Microphone captures output (e.g. PRAAT)
KINEMATIC
Upper Vocal Tract
(Articulation)
real-time Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (rTMRI)
Dynamic information from the entire upper vocal tract
High cost, but very useful!
Ultrasound
probe placed under the chin
tracks the entire shape of the tongue
Well-suited for studying vowels!
Palatography
= measuring contact tongue and roof of the mouth
Static
: charcoal/vegetable oil on tongue, mirrors
Linguography
: charcoal/vegetable oil on palate
Electropalatography
: palatal insert with electrodes
(time-intensive, but very useful)
Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA)
= sensors placed on articulators to track movement, most often on the lower lip, jaw, and three on the tongue
Only tracks points, we infer the actual shape later
Used for mastication and swallowing too
Video
(external articulators)
Lower Vocal Tract
(Phonation)
Electromyography (EMG)
= records electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles
Surface
: changes surface of the skin, safe and painless
Intramuscular
: hooked-wire electrodes inserted directly, bit more uncomfortable!
Laryngeal
Endoscopy
= larynx is directly filmed with a camera from above,
highly invasive, to get an idea of laryngeal movement (height, angle, vibrating parts)
With a rigid endoscope (metal tube) or
fibroscope (flexible)
Electroglottography (EGG)
= measures degree of contact between vocal folds, non-invasive, however vocal folds can move out of range as the electrodes don't move
Respiration
Pletysmotography
= measures speech respiration, as this needs to be coordinated too (long neglected but it is affected too due to aging or diseases/disorders!)
Respiratory Inductance (RIP)
= respiratory bands placed, measure lung volume, around the thorax and abdomen
Full-body
: measures air volume exchanged during breathing in the lungs
Pneumotography
= measures airflow and air pressure during speech
Requires the speaker to wear a mask
Great temporal resolution!
Interferes with acoustic data!
NEURAL
(see Neuroanatomy)
Structural
Computerised Tomography (
CT
)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (
DTI
)
Electroencephalogram (
EEG
)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (
MRI
)
Functional
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (
fMRI
)
Magnetic Encephalogram (
MEG
)
Direct Electrical Stimulation (
DES
)
Positron Emission Tomography (
PET
)
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (
SPECT
)
However, some methods don't allow to study speech: EEG data is affected by movements
PERCEPTUAL
Intelligibility Tests
Ratings of nasality, voice quality, prosody
Judgement Tasks
(e.g. articulation)
In clinics, often accompanied with
visual and tactile assessments