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Biology - Coggle Diagram
Biology
Chapter 4 Carbon & Molecular Diversity
Seven functional groups
Methyl –CH_3
Ex: 5-methyl cytosine – gene expression tag
Phosphate –OPO_3^2-
Ex: ATP – energy transfer
Sulfhydryl –SH
Ex: cysteine – forms disulfide bridges
Amino –NH_2 (base)
Ex: glycine – picks up H+
Carboxyl –COOH (acid)
Ex: acetic acid – donates H+
Carbonyl >C=O (aldehyde/ketone)
Ex: acetone
Hydroxyl –OH (alcohol)
Ex: ethanol – polar, H-bond
Isomers – same formula, diff. structure
Enantiomers
Ex: L-Dopa active / D-Dopa inactive
Mirror-image, chiral center
Cis-trans (geometric) isomers
Ex: cis-2-butene / trans-2-butene
Diff: groups around C=C
Structural isomers
Ex: butane vs isobutane
Diff: covalent layout
Stanley Miller experiment
Abiotic amino acids produced
Spark + “early Earth” gases
Elements for life (CHNOPS)
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Organic chemistry – C-based compounds
Hydrocarbons
C & H only (methane, gasoline)
Skeleton variations
length, branch, rings
Tetravalence
4 bonds, 3-D shapes
Chapter 3 Water & Life
Buffers
minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
Stabilize blood & ocean pH
pH scale (0–14)
Base
bleach pH 12
reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
Acid
gastric juice pH 2
increases the H+ concentration of a solution
Neutral 7
pure water
Temperature vs Heat
Heat = total energy × mass
Temperature = avg kinetic energy
Four properties that facilitate life
Versatility as a solvent
Ex: Na+ / Cl- in seawater
Dissolves polar & ionic solutes
Hydration shells around ions
Expansion upon freezing
Ice floats so the pond life survives in winter
Ice < liquid density
Ability to moderate temperature
Heat absorbed when H-bonds break and released when forms
Heat of vaporization
Ex: sweat evaporative cooling
liquid to gas
Specific heat
Coastal climates buffered
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change it's temperature by 1C
Cohesive behavior
Adhesion
Ex: water on glass, cell wall
water other surface
Surface tension
Ex: water strider walks
“skin” on top
Cohesion
Ex: xylem water column
H-bonds link water
Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
substance that has an affinity for water
hydrophobic
substances that have no affinity for water