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Guaranteed U.S. free transit through the Isthmus.
Led to future U.S. military interventions.
First major agreement between the U.S. and New Granada.
Conflict between Panamanians and Americans in Panama City.
U.S. used the incident as an excuse for armed intervention.
Increased tensions between locals and Americans.
Led by Ferdinand de Lesseps starting in 1881.
Failed due to technical issues, disease, and corruption.
Opened the door to negotiations with the U.S. to take over the project.
Authorized the U.S. president to negotiate with Colombia or Nicaragua.
Set the stage for the treaty with Panama.
Demonstrated U.S. strategic interest in an interoceanic canal.
Treaty between the U.S. and Colombia to build the canal.
Rejected by the Colombian Senate.
Its rejection was key to Panama's separation from Colombia.
Signed between the U.S. and Panama in 1903.
Granted the U.S. control of the Canal Zone.
Criticized for not representing Panama's interests.
Colombia recognized Panama's independence.
The U.S. paid economic compensation to Colombia.
Sought to repair relations between Colombia and the U.S.
Panamanian protest against restrictions in the Canal Zone.
Involved student and nationalist participation.
Increased international pressure on the U.S.
Students entered the Canal Zone with Panamanian flags.
Aimed to assert national sovereignty.
Ended in clashes with U.S. authorities.
Commitment to improving bilateral relations.
Allowed Panamanian flag to be raised in some areas of the Zone.
Paved the way for future negotiations.
Conflict between Panamanian students and U.S. troops.
Over 20 Panamanians were killed.
Led to the breaking of diplomatic relations.
U.S. military presence continued in Panama.
Served as a strategic base for Latin America.
Target of Panamanian sovereignty protests.
Panama brought the canal issue to the UN.
Supported by Third World countries.
Raised international awareness of the conflict.
U.S. agreed to negotiate canal sovereignty.
Became the basis for future treaties.
Acknowledged Panama’s right to regain the canal.
Lasted several years with ups and downs.
Led by Omar Torrijos on Panama’s side.
Ended with agreements for gradual transfer.
Regional support for the Panamanian cause.
Reaffirmed the need for a fair treaty.
Boosted the negotiation process.
Panama sought international support.
Aligned with the Non-Aligned Movement.
Gained backing in multilateral forums.
Ideological justification for U.S. territorial expansion in the 19th century.
Occupation of Texas and the war with Mexico.
Acquisition of California and other territories through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848).
Doctrine proclaimed by James Monroe in 1823.
Rejection of European intervention in the Americas.
Served as the ideological basis for later U.S. interventionism.
Formulated by Theodore Roosevelt in the early 20th century.
Use of military force to protect U.S. interests in Latin America.
Interventions in countries such as Cuba, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Proclaimed by several Latin American countries in opposition to interventionism.
Included in the OAS Charter as a fundamental principle.
Frequently clashed with U.S. actions in the region.
Attempt to expand U.S. rights in Panama.
Rejected by the Panamanian population.
Sparked protests and nationalism.
Eliminated unilateral clauses from the 1903 treaty.
Partially recognized Panamanian sovereignty.
Marked progress in bilateral relations.
Proposed U.S. military bases in Panama after WWII.
Rejected by popular protests.
Became a symbol of sovereignty defense.
Secured economic compensation for Panama.
Reduced some U.S. privileges in the Canal Zone.
Reaffirmed Panama's struggle for canal control.
Civil conflict between liberals and conservatives (1899–1902).
Panama was a key battleground.
Victoriano Lorenzo was executed in 1903, becoming a symbol of popular resistance.
Began in 1904 under U.S. control.
Transformed the local economy and attracted massive migration.
Created social and labor inequalities.
Caribbean and Asian workers were essential to construction.
A segregated labor system was imposed.
Local workers faced discrimination and poor wages.
Inaugurated in 1914.
Consolidated U.S. control in the region.
Heightened tensions over sovereignty and inequality.
Signed in 1977 by Torrijos and Carter.
Set the transfer of the canal to Panama by 1999.
Recognized Panamanian sovereignty over the canal.
Ensured the neutral use of the canal after 1999.
U.S. retained the right to intervene if threatened.
Was key to U.S. ratification.
Rise of authoritarianism and economic crisis in Panama.
U.S. invaded in 1989 (Operation Just Cause).
Overthrew Noriega and began democratic transition.
Panamanian entity created to manage reverted areas.
Prepared for post-1999 canal administration.
Facilitated a peaceful and orderly transition.