• Facial expression: a smile, a frown, a wink, eyebrow, etc.
• Gestures: movements of hands and body to help explain or emphasize our verbal message.
• Body posture: how we stand or sit. • Orientation: face to face or back to face.
• Eye contact: we look into the eyes of the other person or we look away, and the length of time we look at the other person.
• Body contact: a pat on the back; an arm around the shoulder.
• Proximity: the distance we stand or sit from the person.
• Head-nods: to agree or disagree or to encourage the other to go on speaking.
• Appearance: Physical grooming and choice of clothes.
• Non-verbal aspects of speech: variations of pitch, stress and timing; voice quality and tone of voice (paralanguage).
• Non-verbal aspect of writing: handwriting, layout, organization, care, neatness, and visual appearance generally.
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