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Sunday Revision T13 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Strong Military - abroad and for managing difference
        
        Battle of Adwa - 10,000 troops.
        
        precedent set for the italians.
        
        katämmaPositioning of troops on regional borders despite significnt regional difference of states like Oromo, for example.
        
        Violence used in Oromia to manage difference and provide slaves for the empire's army
        
        forecful imposition of the gebbar system
        
        European weaponry - 200,000 carbines by the battle fo Adwa- what does this say about historiography
      - Christianity
        
        Solomonic Period - christianity as a civlising trait
        
        'civilised island in a sea of pagans'
        
        historiographic complication... orthdoox christinaity an imperial method.
      - Diplomacy and concessions
        
        extraterritoriality concessions less harsh.
        
        Alignment with Japan
        
        Meiji Constitution and the 1930 Constitution
        
        Japanese otherness- was possible to emerge onto the global state despite being different.
    - - Not actually that desirable
        
        Out of the 'Capitalist sphere'
        
        5,000 officials in Addis Ababa- a 'feudal camp'
        
        More involved in Japanese and INdian markets
        
        Japanese cloth 80% cheaper than America
        
        Gebbar system limited spread and influence of capitalism
        
        Extraterritoriality less cumbersome because of limited trade- aggressive where trade was strong. feyissa
        
        Emeperor still often given the final say- mixed weak court system.
        
        Tripartite Treaty of 1906
        
        Less about Ethiopia, more about other european pwoers
      - Didn't actually achieve sovereignty - Rose parfitt - hybrid international personality
        
        Sovereignty only dictated on the terms of the treaties - what constitutes sovereignty.
        
        League of nations and alignments witth Japan
        
        Robert Jackson and the 'quasi-state'
        
        Oromia
        
        partook in the scramble for africa itself (Addis Hiwet)
        
        Pawn in the Cold War, pawn in international affairs
      - desire for empire and imperial expansiion was itself a product of the threats of european ipeialism- sagging up the North's sagging feudal economy and buffer zone to protect the nation politically and economically from european encroachment
  - - - Structural economic resistance to centralisation - Makki - violently dealt with creates underclass and economic system that is fundamentally incoherent wiht a centralised, capitalist model.
        
        Uneven and Combined Development
        
        Necessary agricultural transformations had not taken place Tibebu
        
        Gebbar System was a system of feudal colonialism
        
        Fixed annual tribute
        
        Shum violent extracton of tribute and enabled to live off the peasnat populations produce
        
        status of serf hereditary.
        
        Essentially tenant of the land- worked for the right to live there.
        
        Servile status remained - landowners and regional leaders enjoyed the privileges they earned.
        
        Makki- 'oscillation between centre and periphery was a reflection of a social order that lacked a strong impulse for centralization'
        
        concentration of expansion vs dispersal needed for rule
        
        Diverse ethnic and regional groups- 80 different ethnicities
        
        Attempts at centralisation:
        
        Djibouti Addis Ababa railway
        
        Encouragement of private enterprises.
        
        Link- part of the reason why foreign invasion stops when it does is because of this limited captialist potential... almost lucky? Would it have achieved centralisation anyway or been obliterated by European powers- was it's decline inevitable?
      - Regional resistance - not willing to become part of the regime- same with any part of the empire - violently dealt with
        
        Eritrea and Italians
        
        Eritrean Sultans sell Italians land with access to the Red Sea in the 1860s.
        
        The problem of the Oromo Gnamo
        
        Describe themselves as a seperate entity from the Amhara elite
        
        Described Menelik as 'their king' and refused to co-operarte
        
        ultimately region colonised by the Amhara and feudal colonialism emerges.
        
        Treated as second class due to sagging economy of the north- become serfs and sub-class citizens.
        
        Gaada system maintained instead of Amhara culture
        
        Gosa and it's significance in the national identity of the Oromo. *
        
        Differing meanings across Oromia but for the most part a social cohesion- kinship identity
        
        Link is that the feudal-colonial system that emerges is not conducive to imperial centralization....
    - - International forces
        
        Italian occupation
        
        Weakening of the Imperial administration- most Abysinnian traditional elite severely weakened- abandoned landholds- Selassie fled to Britain.
        
        in some ways- made the class more accepting of centralisation-
        
        Napier Expedition 1867-78
        
        Cultural plunder and humiliation at Magdala.
        
        Egyptian invasion of the north
        
        Battle of Gundet and Gura 1875
    - - Dependance on intermediaries and imperial structure
        
        Shoan Officials
        
        Individuals chosen by the Emperor to govern certain regions based on unconditional loyalty- often v. corrupt
        
        Balabbat
        
        Inidividuasl hired by the state to communicate between provincial officials and given tradiitonal amhara titles
        
        Golmassa- elected regional leaders connceting with rural population.
      - Attempts at centralisation - superficial at best, guaranteed by coercion
        
        Economic / poltiical
        
        Infrastructure
        
        Construction of Post Office
        
        Construction of roads towards the capital
        
        Belgian Military mIssion
        
        Monopoly of Salt, gold dust and civet
        
        Cultural / socio-political
        
        Ethno-linguistic policies
        
        Arabic and Islamic Teaching banned, only permitted in Amharigna
        
        Amhara and Touba only 30% of population with 80 different ethnic groups.
        
        Tax collector, policeman and judge in each province.
        
        supposedly centralised legal system with the codification commision
        
        Solomonic founding myth prevalence
        
        Aqar Meqnat - justification for expansionism
        
        Negusa Negast- complete power of the monarch.
        
        Pax-Amharica
        
        Guaranteed by coercion
        
        The Gebbar system on the periphery
        
        Slave status hereditary
        
        Gebbar on the periphery all land was property of the state, peasants merely tenants
        
        obliged to work 2/3 days a week for the right to live amongst the local population.
        
        Slave raiding
        
        Extensive slave raiding in Oromo
        
        Estimated over 100,000 slaves
        
        40,000- half didn't make it alive.
        
        Didn't actually work
  - - - Excluded from Geneva conference
      - Joined in 1923
    - - Egypt 1875
      - Italian Occupation 1938-42
      - Italian I 1902
      - Napier Expedition 1865-78
    - - Constitution
      - Otherness
      - Diplomatic visits and student exchanges
      - Japanese businessmen
        
        Chukyo trading company of Nagoya.
    - - Treaty of Wanchule 1896
        
        Hidden clause and atempts at protectorate
      - Klobukowski Treaty 1907
        
        Precedent for French
      - 1942- firendship treaty
        
        Expanded extraterritorial influence
    - - Territorial invasions
      - Legal extraterritoriality
      - Pawn in American cold war
      - Attempts at commercial imperialism
        
        Japan Chukyo Nagoya company
        
        British institution of the first bank
        
        french railway
- - - - Rowe
        
        1) Ideology, 2) Organisation, 3)
    - - Weakly defined
      - Tongmenhui and Sun Yat Sen losing support by 1908 - SYS out of the country
      - Constitutionalists vs Reformists vs Qing - non-deterministic approach
    - - Kwang Ching Liu and Localism rather than regionalism.
      - nationalism paralelled attempts at reform of the Qing that feequently devolved power from the imperial centre to regions, or localities. This decentralisation in combination with New Policies affecting the New Army and Industrialisation meant an emergence of urban centres, hotbeds of political ideas in a newly emerged, politically conscious middle class.
      - 'paradoxically, his efforts produced the opposite effect' and 'engines of the revolution.
        
        New Army in Hubei
        
        Literary Society and Forward together society, 4,000 out of the 15,000 members. Yangtze News, revolutionary newspaper also freely available
        
        Key members of the Wuchang uprising
        
        Education
    - - External degradation and the century of humiliation
      - Prince's Cabinet - 8 Manchu
  - - - Fiscal hole
        
        Control of Yangzhou
        
        Population decrease of 60% in Jiangsu
        
        2/3rd farmaldn untilled
        
        170 million- only had 24,000 in coffers by the end of it.
        
        Need for regional armies and ying ying ....
    - - Self-Strengthening movement- period of growth before the Sino-Japanese war
        
        Beiyang Army
        
        Kaiping coal mines
      - Still retained control of the regional centres
        
        87% govs ethnically Han
        
        Confucian loyalty still v strong.
        
        92% served for six years or less
    - - Kwang Ching Liu and Localism > regionalism
        
        Liqin tax
        
        Likin farmers
        
        gov. bureaucrats
        
        clerks of provincial govs.
      - Tianyu and 'engines of the revolution'
        
        New Army
        
        Education
      - Corruption- grain crisis of 1871
  - - - Trade
        
        New class of compradors- Houqua became richest man in the world
        
        textile exports by 1860 reached $5 million
      - Political Modernisation
        
        Shweidteiler and the Kaiping Coal Mines
        
        french and english military trainers
        
        Maritime Customs Unit headed by Macarthur
      - Military Support
        
        Eight nation alliance
    - - Military Treaties
        
        Treaty of Tianjin 1942
        
        Beijing Convention 1860
        
        Treaty of Shimonoseki
      - Socially
        
        Chrisitanity - Tianjin Massacres 1872
        
        Feng Shui
        
        Opium - 40,000 chests a year
        
        90% of Hubei, 30% of total gov. officals
      - Industrially and Politically
        
        MFN clause
        
        'sick man of Asia'
        
        century of humiliation
    - - Indirect - Xiaowu- Empires of Coal
        
        Bismarck spies in engineering
        
        Shweidteiler importation of German goods.
        
        DaQing bank set up by UK
      - does the imperial age live on?
        
        was the transition realy that meaningful.
      - 'engines of the revolution'- Tianyu - new industrial class and urban centres.
        
        New Army and pamphlets etc.
- - - - Contexts of Hausa internecine warfare- repressive taxation, saurata slave system
      - improved social promises - 'overriding principle of community welfare'
        
        Shehu law protecting rights of woment
        
        tax reduced
        
        land tenure accesible to all muslim members of socierty
      - Also a rising wave of Islam
        
        travelling scholars and increased education over the centuries meant an increased awareness of the corrupt nature of many Hausa states
        
        Hijrah commenced after attempted execution of Dan Fodiyo
      - Emir of Kore and his non-allowance as an Emir unless he turned Islam.
    - - De-centralised despots and failure of meaningful reform Chafe
        
        Dan of Hadeija- Muhammad of Sudan support
        
        Hayatu Sa'id
      - Succession crisis - Bello vs Abdullahi- ended in second jihad
      - Long term flaw of the state Murray Last
    - - Sha'ari law
      - preparation for the Mahdi
      - 'thin white line' of Caliphate officials- wazrai, protextor of morals, chief of police,
      - Non-muslim exclusion
        
        Slaves always non-muslim
        
        Following Tawaye rebellions appointment of non-muslim Emir of Kore- deposed of status fo rletting non-muslim take up an offical role.
- - - - Qing
        
        Frontier
        
        Xinjiang Zhungar Massacre 1781- wiped out 80% of Population
        
        Garrisoning of troops - v. expensive
        
        Jinchuan Campaigns (Western Sichuan)
        
        70 million taels
        
        60,000 troops
        
        Gyanlong lords near Tibet
        
        White Lotus Rebellion
        
        200 million taels
        
        Han peasants- but seen as an internal frontier.
        
        Domestic
      - Sokoto
        
        Tawaye Rebellions
        
        Dan Tunku of Hadeija
        
        Hayatu Sa'id
        
        Djibril Gaini
      - Eventual dependancy on foreign forces...
        
        Taiping
        
        The Ever Victorious Army
        
        Boxers 8 nation alliance, led by mostly Japanese forces
      - Why is this significant- bloody expensive!
    - - Military
        
        Qing
        
        Banner system, Green Standard Army- but became decrepit and expensive- ended up relying upon the New Army and pushes in the Self-strenghtening movement and Tongzhi restoration.
        
        Grand Council
        
        misapplication of policy North to South
        
        Lifangyuan
        
        Sokoto- not really centralised at all
        
        Bello's centralised army under the banner of the Caliph and cavalry horsemen
        
        Alfaq flag**- actually a franchise force
      - Fiscal
        
        Qing
        
        Agrarian Land tax
        
        Commercial Taxation
        
        Sokoto
        
        Central Zakat Tax
      - Political - idea of central authroity
        
        Qing
        
        lifangyuan
        
        centralised language politics
        
        Ministry of Commerce with Tongzhi restoration
        
        Sokoto
        
        Chief of Morals
        
        Chief of police in each caliphate
        
        Shari Law
        
        only the Caliph able to order an execution
    - - 'the political radius of practicable rule by the state was smaller than the radius of military conquest'- concentration, but not dispersal. (Esherick)
      - Qing
        
        Fiscal
        
        liqin taxation
        
        internal customs
        
        taken mainly for provincial governors
        
        Maritime Customs Duty - Treaty ports
        
        Run by Macarthur
        
        Military
        
        Political
    - - Sokoto
        
        Emirates - centralised and de-centralised
        
        local chieftains
      - Qing
        
        Merchants
        
        Local elites
        
        Regional leaders
    - - De-centralisation of power
        
        Localism (Kwang Ching Liu)
        
        De-centralised despots
    - - Sokoto
        
        two types of barbarian
        
        British
    - - Empire vs Imperial distinction chappell and Jenco
        
        lead us to think about why they are described as nation states
        
        empires might have ended but...
      - Contemporary considerations
        
        China as a 'national empire'
        
        Sokto and nigerua being named by Lugard's wife.
      - comparison of Sokoto with Tibet or Mongolia as it became subsumed as part of the Nigerian Protectorate
        
        seperation of empire from 'dynastical' categorisation- instead tghinking about imperialism as continuation of violence
        
        Modern day Tibet- not problematic because of ethno-religious claims but because of the moraly unjustified violence in the area.
      - Link to question with - who was it for.
      - Historiographical concerns
        
        De Werdt on Eisenstadt
        
        Dynasties and whether or not they are useful for understandings of empire.
        
        non-determinism of Parasanthi
        
        empires are
        
        Chappell and Jenco
        
        imperialism vs empire
        
        continuation - beyonf the empire- nation-state paradigm
      - Continuations of the imperial structures
        
        Sokoto and Dual Mandate for Lugard
        
        Sudan as commandant de cercle
        
        Tibet as autonomous region in china
    - - Frontier Policy
        
        Qing 'bottom up' - 'Mosca
        
        Jasagh Banner System
        
        upholding of existing power strcutrues particuarly in outer reaches of the empire
        
        'Simultaneous Emperorship' Pamela Crossley
        
        Great Khan, Confucian Monarch, Bodhivisetta of Wisdom Manjusri
        
        Collaboration- Southern Xinjiang for mutual commercial benefit for local begs.
        
        Sokoto
        
        De-centralised Caliphates, Kano, Borno etc.
        
        State-sponsored slave raiding
      - Attempts at centralisation
        
        'China proper' - Junxian- 'top down' Mosca
        
        18 Han inhabited provinces
        
        Han migration and agricultural settlement outlasted tusi systems of indirect rule as Miao nationalities became overwhelmed. Similar in Taiwan, seen as a key maritime entrepôt.*
        
        Sokoto inner realm
        
        Ribat structure of family members near Sokoto to protect the capital.
      - Significance of this?
        
        Leibold- barbarian vs other
        
        Frontier as a place that legitimated the rule of the Manchu's as it ratified their confucian credentials.
        
        Mosca
        
        'Successful expansion provided an internal counterweighr to the centrality China might otherwise claim;’