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語言史 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Normandy背景知識
        
        說old norse的維京人跑去打法國北邊
        
        法王簽約給維京人土地(Normandy)，讓他們當封臣
        
        Normandy 就是維京人變法國人(Normans)之後的基地 (開始講Norman French
      - 1066 who: 諾曼第公爵William (Duke of Normandy
        
        想繼承England王位，攻打England
        
        關鍵戰Battle of Hastings
        
        William變成England新王
      - Consequences
        
        The Norman Settlement(協定)
        
        引進新的貴族(only speak Norman French)
        
        Diffusion(傳播) French and English
        
        social distinction -> French: upper
        
        Written language: Latin and French
    - - 1204 The Loss of Normandy
        
        英格蘭國王失去了對法國諾曼地的控制權
        
        英格蘭人不再是「法國王室」的一部分
        
        Consequence
        
        1250留在England的貴族覺得自己是英國人
        
        英文地位提升，重建
      - 13世紀 English & French
        
        French
        
        used in law
        
        English
        
        became the general use of the upper class
        
        很多French words進入了英文
        
        became the proper language
      - 14世紀English & French
        
        further decline of French
        
        Anglo-French (法文方言)被視為低等的
        
        the Hundred Years' War (英法百年戰爭)
        
        法國人打贏英國人
        
        英國人對法國人有敵意
        
        Black Death
      - 15世紀English & French
        
        French被忽視了
        
        English is the choice in writing
      - The Rise of new Standard English (as a literary language)
        
        到了 Middle English 晚期（大概 14 世紀末到 15 世紀中），
        
        英格蘭各地都有自己的 dialect（方言），
        
        但隨著政府、商業、印刷、文學發展，大家開始需要一種「共通語」。
        
        Bases: an East Midland dialect成為主流
        
        14世紀 Chaucer用 East Midland
        
        15世紀 influence of London dialect increase due to 印刷術
        
        16世紀 London dialect: the "best" English
    - - Northumbrian-> Northern
        Mercian-> East & West Midland
        Kentish-> South Eastern
        West Saxon-> Southern
        
        Most important: East Midland
  - - - reason
        
        French scribes抄寫員
        用habit of French spelling
        還用Continental style handwriting(草寫) u, m, n很難分辨
      - major changes
        
        qu, sh, ch, th
        
        ee, oo, ou, ow
    - - Consonant
        
        the loss of [h] in [hl, hn, hr]
        
        initial [f, s] become voiced
      - Vowel
        
        長母音只會縮短或不變
        短母音只會變長或不變
        只發生在重音節
        
        Lengthening
        
        "a, e, o" in 雙音節的字
        
        cvcv / cvcvc
        
        左v絕對是長音
        
        1 more item...
        
        在ld, mb, nd之前
        
        除非後面又多了子音
        
        e.g. child拉長；children不變
        
        shortening
        
        在雙子音(double consonants)之前
        
        (除了ld, mb, nd)
        
        e.g. kept 縮短
        
        在三音節(trisyllabic)單字的第一音節
        
        e.g. halidai(holiday)縮短
      - schwa [ə]
        
        as a monophthong
      - Loss of unstressed vowels
        
        unstressed final -e was dropped
  - - - 2 major changes
        
        reduction of inflections
        
        fixed word order
        
        more use of grammar
        
        loss of grammatical gender
      - Nouns
        
        case剩下genitive case所有格
        
        plural endings
        
        -as, -es -> -es
        
        -an, -en -> -en
      - Adjective
        
        strong/weak declension is mantained
        
        only in monosyllabic adjectives ending in a consonant
      - Articles
        
        "The" showed up
      - Verbs
        
        serious losses of strong verbs
    - - Reasons for why French borrowings through Norman Conquest differ from the cognate(同源) words in Modern French
        
        The different subsequent(隨後的) development of English and French
      - Differentiation in meaning
        
        native words-> popular and emotionally charged
        
        French borrowings-> formal, refined, official
      - The language is still English
        
        因為grammar & basic elements of the vocabulary
      - The Third Period
        
        Latin Borrowings
        
        law, medicine, theology, science, and literature
      - Loss of a large part of OE word & the 增加一堆French & Latin
- - - - slight influence
        
        弱勢的一方
      - Vocabulary: "Place Names"
    - - Profoundly influence
        
        High and Advanced Status of Latin to English
      - 3 Influence Periods on OE
        
        Continental Borrowings (zero)
        
        日耳曼人還在大陸上(還沒去英國)和羅馬人接觸
        
        Celtic Transmission (first)
        
        英國原住民是講凱爾特語的部落
        
        Christianizing of Britain (second)
        
        基督教開始傳入英國
      - Chronological Criteria (哪個時期借進來的)
        
        有沒有出現在literature?
        
        "not reliable"
        
        the characters/semantic語意 feature
        
        learned(宗教/學術)->Second
        
        not learned(日常)-> Zero
        
        Germanic dialects-> Zero
        
        phonetic form
        (看發音->有沒有經過sound change)
        
        Sound change in OE
        
        i-Umlaut (i-mutation)
        
        root + suffix (i, j)
        
        (central, back)
        
        1 more item...
        
        假如一個latin借字有i-Umlaut ->PG時期(Zero就存在)
        
        Sound change in Latin
        
        西元400年前
        
        short [i] -> [e]
        
        如果一個借字沒有這個變化->zero
    - - Zero
        
        Time: before Anglo invaded
        
        borrowings: contacts of Germanic tribes with Rome
        
        Loan Word Types: Short words
        
        military matters (camp, street
        
        cooking (cup, kitchen
        
        trade (cheap, wine
        
        daily life
      - First
        
        Time: Anglo conquered
        
        place names(羅馬人留下來的, celts再傳下去)
        
        -wick
        
        代表"camp"和"village"
        
        -chester
      - Second
        
        Time: From the Christianizing of Britain (597-1066)
        
        the Early Period (597傳教士進來->開始基督教化)
        
        household words (cap, plant
        
        education(school
        
        new religion (mass, pope
        
        daily life
        
        after the Benedictine Reform(late 900s 本篤改革)
        
        religious and learned vocabulary (cathedra, prologus
        
        real beginning of 英文借字habit
  - - - 特別是the Danes(丹麥人)
        
        time: 750-1050
        
        second attack
        
        widespread plundering洗劫
        
        英格蘭King Alfred和Guthrum (Viking leader)講和
        
        簽協議：東北部變成Viking地盤 "Danelaw"
        
        first attack
        
        sacking monasteries(修道院)
        
        造成Benediction Reform 的主因
    - - ON和OE都是Germanic languages
        
        很難判斷origin of many words
    - - Both are kept
        
        similar forms
        
        e.g. shirt and skirt
        
        different forms
        
        e.g. wrath and anger
      - ON form replace OE
        
        e.g. egg
      - 留下來的字有mixed features
        
        e.g. dream
        
        OE form with ON meaning
    - - phonological(sound) development
        
        OE: palatal [tʃ], [dʒ] & ON velar [k], [g]
        
        e.g. church(OE), kirk(ON)
        
        OE sc [ʃ] & ON sk [sk]
        
        e.g. shirt(OE), skirt(ON)
      - literature recording
      - Meaning of words
        
        OE form but ON meaning
        
        e.g. bread, dream, and gate
    - - place names and personal names
        
        e.g. -by 'farm', 'town'
        
        e.g. -son as in Stevenson
      - other content words
        
        everyday life and fundamental concepts
        
        basic core vocabulary
      - Borrowed Form Words (function words)
        
        pronouns: they, their, them
        
        prepositions: until, till
        
        adverbs(conjunctions): though
- - - - Great Vowel Shift 重要
        
        ONLY in Long Vowels (Monophthongs)
        
        closing of the mouth
        
        elevation of the tongue
      - change in Diphthongs
        
        mostly became pure vowels/monophthongs
        
        and then went through GVS
      - Shortening of Long Vowels
        
        one-syllable words that ended in a single consonant
    - - new phonemes: [ŋ], [ʒ]
      - Loss of sounds
        
        [k] in kn-, [g] in gn-, [w] in write, sword
        
        gh-