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Introduction to Statistics (Chapter 1)
and Frequency Distributions…
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Scales
Ordinal Scale
nominal-names only ordinal-order only interval-equal spacing, no true zero ratio=equal spacing, true zero
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Key Features
Manipulation-change one variable, independent
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Population-All the individuals you're interested in studying.
It's the big group you care about, even if you can't collect data from every single person
Sample-A smaller group taken from the population to actually collect data from. It should represent the population as closely as possible
The goal of the population is to make claims about the entire group by studying a part of it. The goal of the sample is to use a smaller group to learn about or make predictions about the larger population.
Population Symbol, N=number of individuals in the population
Sample Symbol, n=number of individuals in the sample
With experimental research you can change something on purpose to see if it causes a change in something else.
Example Study: Giving one group caffeine and the other group water, then testing their reaction speed
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Confounding Variables are sneaky variables that mess up your results by interfering with what you're actually trying to test
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With Non-experimental research you're not changing anything, just observing what already exists or happens.
Example Study: Comparing stress levels between students in two different schools
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Organize, Summarize, Simplify, Graphs, Tables, Averages
Generalize from sample to population, based on probability, risk of sampling error
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Gravetter, F. J., Wallnau, L. B., Forzano, L. B., & Witnauer, J. E. (2019). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage
