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Issues and debates - Coggle Diagram
Issues and debates
Gender issues
Androcentrism - focusing research on males and considering male behaviour to be the norm - considers female behaviour as abnormal
Alpha bias - tendency to exaggerate a difference between men and women. Can lead to emphasis being placed on stereotypes or biases about sexes
Beta bias - assuming there will be no difference between men and women. Tends to be when male behaviour is also applied to women without considering how women may be different
Obedience
- Milgram initial study was androcentric and suffered from beta bias
- Research showed no difference
Reductionism vs Hollism
- Learning
- CC - stimulus and response. V. reductionist
- OC - only considers effect of consequences
- SLT - much more holistic - more complete explanation but therefore harder to research in a valid way
- Cognitive
- MSM - SR, STM, LTM - highly red. (c/a allowed for empirical research)
- Reconstructive memory - more holistic (less scientific?)
- Case studies - very holistic
- Biological
- Does not consider social factors such as SLT
- Highly deterministic - ignores free will
- Supporting research also reductionist (e.g Raine isolates just brain structure)
4. Clinical
- Biological explanations tend to be more reductionist
- Cogntitive explanations and treatments more holisitic (e.g CBT)
- Reductionist models useful in understanding complex disorders such as Sz - may make it easier for patients or families to understand
- If it is not a complete explanation then treatments etc. may not work
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Nature vs Nurture
- Biological - highly nature focused e.g brain abnormality or hormone levels
C/A - this can also be caused by environment so is hard to differentiate in a study as are mostly correlational.
Bregnden - suggests that physical is due to nature whereas social is due to nurture (due to socialisation etc)
- Clinical (Sz)
- Gottesman (42% concordance)
- Not 100% so suggests some influence from environment
- Diathesis-stress model better - interactionist
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Culture issues
Ethnocentric research or theories can only apply one culture or group of people - typically tend to focus on western cultures.
- Obedience
- Could be argued that research such as Milgram and Burger is ethnocentric as focuses only on the American population without considering role of culture.
- Traits such as individualistic or collectivist cultures could perhaps play a role in obedience
- C/A - Milgram's research has been replicated internationally and found results to be fairly similar
Clinical
- Research such as Rosenhan are ethnocentric
- Diagnosis may be highly different across cultures due to different interpretation of symptoms. E.g Luhrmann - hearing voices seen as a good thing in India or Ghana but as Sz in USA
- Culture bound syndromes - suggests diagnosis will vary
- C/A - DSM-5 considers role that culture may place when making a diagnosis although ICD-10 attempts to generalise to all cultures
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