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HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, Organizational structure, Communication,…

- - - - existing and upcoming demand
    - - foreseeable future
    - - Historical data and trends
      - Sales and income levels
      - Labour turnover rates
      - flexibility and workload of employees
      - Demographic changes
- - - - dependent population
      - consumption patterns
      - Employment patterns
    - - geographical
        
        limitations
        
        Friends and family
        
        Relocation costs
        
        Fear of unknown, uncertainty
        
        Language and cultural differences
      - occupational
        
        factors
        
        acquired attributes (es.qualifications, training..)
        
        Younger people
        
        Employers discrimination , changes in law
      - gig economy
      - Part-time
        
        cheaper
        
        easier to replace
        
        flexibility
        
        less loyal
        
        less motivation
    - - WHY
        
        pay and remuneration
        
        Employment opportunities
        
        Seasonal factors
        
        Domestic instability
        
        Higher standard of living
    - - teleworking
      - homeworking
    - - Short term, flexible, temporary
        
        on call or on demand
      - independent contractors
        
        online platform
        
        LIMITATION
        
        insurance, no benefits
        
        no regular income
        
        no support from manager and colleagues
        
        lack job security
        
        portfolio workers
      - costs are lower
- - - - Participation and involvement
        
        Facilitation and support
        
        Negotiation and agreement
        
        Manipulation and co-option
        
        Explicit and implicit coercion
        
        intimidation tactics
        
        one of those resisting become representative
        
        advantage communicated
        
        compromise, inviting to agree
        
        paternalistic
        
        managerial support
        
        motivate if involving in decision-making
        
        sense of ownership of the change
      - inform and educate about the change
      - clear
- - - - recession
        
        reduce staffing
        
        economic growth
        
        add specialists
      - Offshoring
        
        outsourcing
        
        competition
      - Technological change
        
        new manufacturing system
        
        elimination of roles
        
        new position
        
        skilled workers
        
        Sociocultural changes
        
        globalisation
- - - - managers still responsible
        
        save time
        
        motivate and develop employees
    - - Specific
    - - number of people directly accountable to a manager
        
        also indirect
        
        wide = less layers, less costs, more effective communication
        
        narrow = more control, small teams, costly
      - MOST
        
        Manager
        
        Organizational culture
        
        Subordinates
        
        Task
      - Levels of the hierarchy
        
        organizational structure base on a ranking system
        
        line manager
        
        clear lines of authority
        
        sense of belonging
        
        Chain of command
        
        formal line of authority
        
        communications and orders are passed down
        
        seen through organizational chart
        
        Bureaucracy
        
        execution of tasks that are governed by official administrative and formal rules
        
        cost
        
        Continuity
        
        Rules and regulations
        
        Hierarchical structures
        
        Accountability
        
        Highly inflexible
        
        Centralization
        
        decision, small number of people
        
        Rapid, control, sense of direction, efficient
        
        pressure senior staff, inflexibility, delays, demotivating
        
        Decentralization
        
        decis-mak. authority shared
        
        empowering
        
        Input from workforce
        
        speedier dec-mak
        
        1 more item...
        
        Improved morale
        
        1 more item...
        
        CONS
        
        5 more items...
        
        Delayering
        
        5 more items...
        
        ICT (Information Communication Technologies)
- - - - Finance
        
        HRM
  - - - Tall (vertical) organization charts
        
        smaller teams
        
        communication
        
        control
        
        Specialization, division of labour
        
        more opportunities for more people
        
        many levels
        
        narrower span of control
        
        seniority
        
        bureaucratic, rigid hierarchy
        
        Organization
        
        by product
        
        product portfolio
        
        by function
        
        four
        
        Administration
        
        ICT
        
        1 more item...
        
        by region
        
        multinational companies
      - few levels
        
        wider span of control
        
        creativity and innovations
      - Delegation (carrier development)
        
        Improved Communication
        
        Cheaper to operate
        
        NO alienated
- - - - Notify
        
        Warn
        
        Receive feedback
        
        Review
        
        Inform
        
        hygiene factors
- - - - official
        
        open channels
        
        restricted channels
      - Verbal communication
        
        Letters
        
        Memorandum
        
        Reports
        
        Notices
        
        Executive summaries
        
        Abstract
        
        Research proposals
      - Written communication
      - Visual communication
      - non verbal
        
        Electronic mail
        
        Vision conferencing
    - - grapevine
        
        unofficial, natural, unstructured
        
        sense of belonging
        
        sense of security
        
        mutual support
        
        open, creative
- - - - Geographical location and distance
        
        Internal politics
        
        Poor presentation skills
    - - The fear of techonology
        
        Poor or negative body language
        
        Innaccurately transmitted gossip
        
        physiological barrier
        
        Language proficiency
    - - errors and mistakes
        
        Lack of coordination
      - loss of competitiveness
      - information overload
- - - - Recorded