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FAMILIES & HOUSEHOLDS (4) - DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES - Coggle Diagram
FAMILIES & HOUSEHOLDS (4) - DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
DEATH RATES & LIFE EXPECTANCY
the avg time somebody born in a certain yr is expected to live
can link to lvl of deprivation in an area
2019: total deaths in uk = 530,841; 8.8 deaths per 1000
males: 9.0 deaths per 1000, females: 8.8 deaths per 1000; negligible differences in deaths between the sexes since the mid 80s
the lowest since 2014; in 1977, deaths peaked at 12.1 per 1000
ONS: reported life expectancy for males - 80.3 yrs, females - 83.8 yrs (2019)
to reach 85.3 yrs for males and 87.9 yrs for females by 2050 - the gap between m and f closing recently
baby boy life expectancy the highest in kensington/ chelsea (83.3 yrs), lowest in blackpool (74.7 yrs)
for baby girls, highest in chiltern (86.7 yrs), lowest in middlesbrough (79.8 yrs)
WHY PEOPLE LIVE LONGER
ADVANCES IN MEDICINE
creation of nhs, welfare state
research + development of medicine
more tech in medical assessments, e.g. mri scans
CHANGES TO LIFESTYLE
healthier diets - more diversity in food products
more active lifestyles - gyms, etc.
more awareness of illness/ disease, taking preventative action
more awareness of well-being + promotion of work-life balance
CHANGES TO EMPLOYMENT
less trad male jobs that wears men down
health + safety legislations, employee health programmes
flexible working + career progression
state bodies that investigate conditions at work
HIGHER STANDARDS OF LIVING
despite the wage stagnation
~£2500 per yr spent by each household on health, fitness, diet
more leisure + family time
better housing
EVALUATION
there's a north-south divide for quality of life: majority of areas in the bottom 50 for lowest life expectancy at birth (boys: 68%, girls: 70%) were in north east, north west + wales
top 50 areas for highest male life expectancy at birth were in south east, east of eng., south west, london + east midlands
for highest female life expectancy, there were the same areas for highest male expectancy, along with north west, yorkshire, + the humber
AGEING POPULATION
1998:1 in 6 were 65+ (15.(%), which increased to 1 in 5 (18.3%) in 2018
thought to reach 1 in 4 (24.2%) by 2038
~20.5% of the population were 16 and under in 1998, declining to 19% in 2018, thought to decline to 17.4% by 2038
in the uk, there is more older population in rural/ coastal areas than urban
CAUSES FOR THE AGEING POPULATION
DECLINING FERTILITY RATES
more women in employment = less children being born
higher expense of children = ppl choosing to have less children
ppl having children later: decreases fertility window for having children
INCREASED LIFE EXPECTANCY
more advances in medical tech
healthier lifestyles, diets
less dangerous occupations
better understanding of habits on health
IMPACT OF AGEING POPULATION
KEY
: ageing population meant strain on health + social care for elderly
changes to pensions + retirement age - dependency ratios tipping to more ppl being out of work than in (pension act 2007 + 2014)
more 'grey markets' - old age as a period of consumption w/ more disposable income
MAKING THE POPULATION YOUNGER
migration of young workers + families into the uk balances out dependency ratio
baby boomer gen are ageing + living longer, but could lead to lesser population when they die
more child-bearing happening in 21st century, but recent years have seen a dip
GLOBALISATION & MIGRATION
MIGRATION
refers to movement of ppl from one geographical area to another
emigration: ppl leaving an area
immigration: ppl entering an area
net migration: measure of ppl coming into a country less the number leaving
1993: immigration - 266,000; net migration - >1000
2015: immigration - 631,000; net migration - 332,000
PUSH & PULL FACTORS
PUSH
pushing ppl out of a country as the country becomes undesirable to live in
conflict
lack of employment
lack of resources
poverty - common reason for economic migration
political situation
PULL
what draws ppl to a country
education
employment
standard of living
family
climate
ppl usually only stay in one place shortly before moving to another
in the era of globalisation, migration is never permanent
IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION ON MIGRATION
globalisation -> more migration
more cooperation between nations -> free movement agreements for work + leisure, e.g. like in the eu
global conflicts -> acceleration of migration, e.g. conflicts in north africa, middle east -> more refugees, asylum seekers
global nature of employment -> spread of western co.s overseas, e.g. for education, healthcare, manufacturing
IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
changes in uk's demography - ethnic + age diversity; immigrants often below avg age
multiculturalism - more migration led to more diversity
impact of social policies - assimilation policies like citizenship tests encourage migrants to be part of british life
hybridity - more hybrid cultures, like british asian (a combo of brit + asian)
OTHER IMPACTS
political issue - more net migration in the past 15yrs -> migration controls seen as security concerns
increasing nationalism as a reaction to multiculturalism -> increasing reports of racially-motivated incidents (hate crimes) in recent yrs
GLOBALISATION
INCREASING GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY
many uk nationals have left uk to work overseas
home office (2012): 43% (149,000) emigrating from uk are brit nationals - majority are 25yrs - 44 yrs
36% classified as 'professional or managerial' occupation
CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT
decline of manufacturing industries in uk de to globalisation led to change in employment
ons: largest uk sectors - retail, health + social work, administrative sectors - 'feminisation' of the workforce
more dual earner families w/ 75% mothers working - changing gender roles
FAMILY DIVERSITY - 2011 CENSUS
cohabiting/ married: highest - asian (52.6%), white (52.1%); lowest - black (29.9%)
lone parent: highest - black (24.3%), lowest - asian (8.8%)
one person household: highest - mixed (35.2%), lowest - asian (17.0%)
CHANGES IN FAMILY DIVERSITY
more lone person households due to economic migration into uk + overseas (2018: 217,000)
couples most common, but organisation of relationship + relationship type less fixed
slight increase in multiple family households in recent yrs
IMPACT OF FAMILY
isolation from family for some elderly; global modified extended family comes w/ emergence of cheaper air travel + advances in communication tech
changes to gender roles in family - closing gap of male and female unpaid domestic labour; males - 16hrs, females - 26hrs
RAGHURAM & EREL
: increasing family diversity -> migration identities; carribean families in london had stronger ties to homeland as a result of being away from home, to keep traditions alive
emergence of translocalism - ppl developing ties to more than one geographical location
move away from extended family for employment opportunities overseas