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Global perspectives - Coggle Diagram
Global perspectives
Dependency
Context:after Cold War, during 1970s, response to modernisation theory, marxist theories were strong here
Stage 1- mercantile capitalism: trinagular trade created by European countries forcing trade by looting
Stage 2- colonialism: European powers dominate land for labour and food, creates lasting legacy of inequality
Stage 3- neo colonialism: European pwers weakened by war but western culture influenced countries to take independence, ex colonies rely on aid, colonial hangover
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Chang 2003- 'kicking the ladder away' by chain of dependency (developed countries make the poor poorer)
Frank- 'two sides of the same coin' where rich countries are only in such position due to exploitation of the poor
Natures of dependency:
- rejection of moderinsation theory, problems are not internal
- it is anti capitalist
- direct result of a history of capitalism
- led to emphasis of third world contries national identity
metropolis= UK, USA, France satellite= latin America, Africa
Wallerstein World systems theory: core + semi preiphery + preiphery
- dynamic to allow for economic mobility
Traditional marxism- can only create growth with capitalism, once there is enough wealth, a revolution should occur (eg slavery, feudalism, capitalism), absence of grwoth is a result of internal barriers
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Modernisation
Context: arose in 1960s, dominant theory, successful by Marshall plan, similair to functionalism
- Traditional societies based on farming and limited wealth
- preconditions for takeoff- begin to adopt western values
- take off- modern values, a new class, new wealth
- drive to maturity- rise in living standards, now becoming modern
- high mass consumption, high city population, high wealth
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Preventing development factors: traditional values, lack of necessary attitudes, no advanced tecnhology, no necessary institutions for growth, high birth rate
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How to escape undervelopment? new technology, comercial farming production, machine power, urbanisation, liberal democracy, nuclear families
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Neolieralism
Main focuses: takes obstacles to be internal, policies that grow the free market, insist countries to allow capitalist growth, wealth will 'trickle down'
Example policies: privatisation, cutting state spending, cutting taxes, free trade, integration into global economy
Who adopted? England under Margaret Thatcher, Inida, China
international monetary fund= key IGO giving loans to members to spread neoliberalism + World bank doing similair things
BUT CEPR compared 1960-1980 development with 1980-2000 development finding progress to be better before neoliberal ideas
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IGOs- structural adjustment plans intervene in gov policies as neoliberals support eg WTO help free markets between countries
Moyer (Zimbabwe 10%-70% in poverty) due to aid, so prefers trade
Freidman- when NGO controlled central park, safety improved
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