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Key Topic 4: The spread and survival of Lutheranism, 1521-55 - Coggle…

- - - - Protect his inheritance and territories
      - Protect the interests of the Habsburg dynasty
      - Defend the Catholic Church from 'heresy'
    - - Lutheran ideas
      - Lack of power in the HRE
      - Other obligations
      - War with France and the Ottoman Turks
      - Lack of cash
      - Lack of support from the papacy
  - - - Charles issued the Edict of Worms
      - Luther placed under the imperial ban
      - Lutheranism declared a heresy
    - - Princes refused collectively to enforce the Edict of Worms until the Pope called a general council to reform the Church in Germany and address their 102 Grievences
    - - Charles absent
      - Princes remained refusing to enforce the Edict of Worms
      - The diet passed the Recess of Speyer
        
        Each prince can make up his own mind on the religion of his territory
    - - Alarmed at the successful spread of Lutheranism, the Catholic princes decided on strong action
        
        The diet revoked the 1526 Recess and made the Edict of Worms complulsary
      - 6 Lutheran princes and 14 imperial cities signed a Protestation in response
    - - The leading Protestant prince, Philip of Hesse, attempted to construct a Protestant alliance between Zwinglians and Lutherans
        
        Failed over the issue the Eucharist
    - - Charles invited Lutherans to make a statement of their faith
      - Melanchthon presented the Augsburg confession
        
        Moderate
        
        Charles refused to accept it
        
        Said he would enforce the Edict of Worms
    - - Protestants formed the League
      - Prepared to defend themselves against Charles' threat
    - - Charles was unable carry out his threat because of an anticipated Ottoman invasion
      - In return for men and money, Charles offered the Schmalkaldic League peace
      - Charles then left Germany for 8 yeras
    - - Under Philip's leadership, the Schmalkaldic League acquired new members, money, and an internal organisation
      - Charles periodically denounced heresy, while in practice tolerating it
      - Charles made repeated requests for the Pope to urgently call a general council
    - - Charles made further concessions
        
        He promised no action would be taken against the Protestants for 6 months
    - - Philip exposed as a bigomist
        
        Charles used the opportunity to insist that Protestants and Catholics sit down and qoek out their religious differences
      - Negotiations failed
        
        On some issues, compromise was impossible
      - Both Luther and the Pope condemned the entire venture
      - Charles at last decided that since peaceable methods would not restore unity, force must be used
    - - Charles absent
      - Philip of Hesse used the opportunity to spread Lutheranism even further in the empire
- - - - Leo X asked the Augustinian order to discipline Luther
        
        This failed
      - Interview with Cajectan at Augsburg
    - - Insisted Charles provide a safe conduct for Luther
      - Diplomatically absent when the vote on the Edict of Worms took place
      - Kidnapped Luther
    - - Provided safe refuge for Luther
      - Refused to hand him over to the authorities
      - Throughout this time, he led the princes in their refusal to enforce the Edict of Worms until a council had been called
    - - Emperor Maximilian (until 1519)
        
        He counted on Frederick's vote to ensure te election of is grandson, Charles
      - Pope Leo X
        
        Sought Frederick's vote
        
        Even wanted Frederick to stand as a candidate in the 1519 imperial election
      - Charles V (from 1519)
        
        Owed Frederick money
        
        Was grateful for the vote
        
        Did not want to alienate the princes so early on
        
        Granted Luther's safe conduct
        
        Made no effort to arrest Luther
        
        Turned a blind eye to Frederick not enforcing the Edict of Worms
    - - Frederick had founded the University of Wittenberg, and Luther was making the new university famous
      - Supported Luther's attack on Tetzel, who threatened to upstage Frederick's sale
      - Rivalry with Tetzel's employer, Albert of Mainz
      - Believed Luther deserved a hearing and fair treatment
      - A chance to reform the Church?
      - Influence of family
        
        Frederick's brother expressed serious interest in Luther's doctrines
      - Frederick's secretary was an early supported of Luther
  - - - Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
        
        Order had been founded to aid Christians on pilgrimages and run hispitals fir German knights during the crusades
        
        The Teutonic Knights had relocated to the Baltic in order to mount a crusade against pagan Lithuania
        
        By early c16th, the Order had been weakened and under the control of Poland
      - His conversion shocked Catholic Europe
      - Cousin of Albert of Mainz
        
        Made his conversion even more controversial
    - - A Landgrove
        
        Made him the empire's 3rd-highest price in terms of noble status
      - Importance was also military
        
        Excellent soldier
        
        Helped crush the Knight's Revolt 1522
        
        Played a key role in defeating the Peasant's Revolt 1525
        
        From 1530: played a most crucial role in organising the military defence of the new faith and negotiating with allies
    - - Secceeded his brother Frederick the Wise as Elector of Saxony in 1525
        
        Politically the 2nd most important man in the empire
      - Luther lived in his territory
        
        His protection was crucial for Luther's continued survival
      - Under John's proactive rule, Saxony provided the empire with a role model for the organisation of Lutheranism in a state
        
        Eg. inspections/ visitations of parishes in the late 1520s
    - - Faith/ genuine belief in Lutheran doctrine
        
        Recess of Speyer meant conversion was comparatively risk free from 1526-29
        
        Princes could make up their own minds regarding Luther
        
        John of Saxony supported Luther long before the Recess
        
        Albercht of Hohenzollern had converted long before 1526, after hearing Luther speak at Worms and attending the Diet of Nuremberg in 1522
      - Financial gains
        
        Confiscated monastic and church propter and treasure enriched princely coffers and multiplied princely landholdings, which meant more rents
        
        Albet of Hohenzollern
        
        Gained the most
        
        Secularised the land of the Teutonic Order to create a hereditary Duchy of Prussia for himself and his heirs
        
        Used confiscated church revenues to appease local nobles and to pay for the expenses of his court
        
        Only a small portion of his new wealth was channelled into providing a school in every town and a Lutheran university (1544)
        
        Philip of Hesse
        
        Used confiscated revenues to found a new evangelical university in Marburg and a hospital for the poor and sick
        
        Kept 41% of the money for himself
        
        Monastic lands eventually provided 1/7th of his income
        
        John of Saxony
        
        Stopped the Saxon nobility from appropriating Church lands, which he left in the possession of the new Lutheran Church of Saxony
        
        More church money was used to pay off his debts than was spent on pious activities
  - - - Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony convened a meeting
        
        Schmalkalden, Thuringia
        
        5 northern princes and representatives from 2 northern cities attended
        
        They had all signed the Augsburg confession
        
        They all believed an attack on Lutheranism was imminent
    - - Charles' rejection of the Augsburg Confession
      - Diet passed a recess requiring the Edict of Worms be enforced
      - Charles had given the Protestants 6 months to comply, before using force
    - - Agreed to form a league to defend Lutheranism by force if necessary
        
        The Schmalkaldic League formed
        
        This is a measure of both their depth of faith and their concern that the emperor would declare war
    - - Politics: 'Man must suffer the wicked power; God will punish him'
      - Gave his blessing to the League as its aim was defensive
    - - States any attack on one member was an attack on all, and would be resisted by the League's army
      - Each member contributed towards an army of 10,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry
      - Adopted the Augsburg Confession as its religious statement
    - - Gave waverers the confidence needed to convert
      - Almmost the whole of northern Germany and some of the south had converted by 1540
      - Greatest triumph of the League, achieved with French money
        
        Restoring Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to his territories in 1534
        
        In 1520, he had been deposed by Charles for murdering a man in order to marry the victim's wife
        
        After he joined the League, he helped himself to 3/4 of all the Church's assets
        
        The taking of Wüttemberg was unparalleled as it raised propaganda against Habsburg authority
    - - Ducal Saxony
      - The Elector of Brandenberg
    - - Charles kept it for the rest of the 1530s and was absent from Germany
        
        He was preoccupied with the French and Ottomans
        
        On his return from the 1541 Algerian campaign, he was faced with French attacks (1542-44)
      - When the Regensberg Colloquy failed, Chales agreed that the Truce could be renewed for another 18 months
        
        He was hopeful for a general council to be called
        
        If it did not, he would use force
    - - 1544
        
        Elector of Palatinate
        
        Archbishop-Eletcor of Cologne
- - - - Archduke of Austria
      - King of Spain
      - Lord of the Netheralnds
      - Duke of Burgundy
    - - His rule in Spain did not start well
        
        Delayed his arrival for 18 months
        
        Did nt speak Cesitlian
        
        Alienated his subjects
      - Spanish subjects revelled in 1520 when Charles departed
        
        Taxes
        
        Corruption
      - Charles used the decade to build relationships with the Spanish people
        
        He needed the Spanish resources
    - - France had invaded the north of Spain
      - Charles' reign was dominated by war with France
      - 5 Habsburg-Valais Wars 1521-59
        
        Root cause was land
      - Battle of Pavia 1525
      - Charles had no expansion ambitions
      - Moderate Treaty of Madrid
      - Role played in Charles' failure to tackle the issue of Lutheranism
        
        Defending land against the French had to take priority for Charles
        
        Francis I attempted to divide Charles' forces by making alliances with the Ottomans
        
        Francis financed and strengtehned the Schmalkaldic League
    - - Rapid and extensive expansion
      - Urgent papal pleas for a united front and a crusade
      - Leo X may have underestimated Luther, but from his point of view, Luther was a minor issue compared with turning bak the Islamic tidal wave that threatened to engulf Christian Europe
  - - - Charles thought he could achieve unity through force rather than toleration
        
        Thought a war would persuade Protestant princes
      - At peace with both Ottomans and French
      - Duke Maurice of Saxony had deflected to Charles' side
    - - Charles was in a strong position as there was indecision, disagreements, and disunity among the Protestant leaders
    - - Leaders of the League were indecisive
      - Charles and the Duke of Alba took their chance to attack
      - Protestants were taken by surprise
    - - 7000 killed
      - 1000 taken as prisoners
        
        Including Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony
    - - Charles' forces were dismantled
      - Pope's army retreated to Rome
      - Protestant territories refused to return to Catholicism
      - Emperor's alliances with Protestant princes fell apart
      - New Protestant league formed 1551 under Maurice
    - - An attempt made by Charles to implement a temporary edict that would deal with the religious situation while being more conciliatory than previous edicts
      - Became imperial law 30th June 1548
      - Rejected sola fide
      - Reinforced the authority of the Pope over the Church
      - BUT...
        
        Allowed Protestant clergymen to marry
        
        Allowed the laity to take communion as well as priests
      - Was the first step towards the fuller compromise of Passau in 1552 and Augsburg in 1555
      - Divided Protestants between those who were inclined to accept it/ work towards a moderated version because they wanted an end to conflict and those who rejected it outright
        
        Resulted in the exile of some German Protestant theologians, such as Martin Bucer
  - - - The French would provide funding and assistance to the Protestants. In return, Henry II would gain lands in Western Germany
  - - - Princes were free to choose to either keep Catholicism or adopt the Augsburg Confession
      - Inhabitants of each princely territory had to adopt the religion
      - Only Catholicism ad Lutheranism were recognised
- - - - Reform of abuses
        
        Undermine the Lutheran movement
      - Clement VII
        
        Member of the self-seeking Medici clan
        
        Adhered to Rome's long-held view that a general council was a threat to papal authority
    - - 1521: Luther excommunicated
      - 1523: Princes request a general council to address their 102 grievences
      - 1527: Sack of Rome
      - 1536: Paul III establishes a commission to investigate abuses in the Church
      - 1537: The Consilium is suppressed
      - 1538: Truce of Nice
      - 1541: Colloquy of Regensberg; Paul denounces Regenberg Book
      - 1545: General Council at Trent
      - 1547: Tridentine Decrees
    - - Without Charles' authority, an imperial army sacked Rome
      - 25,000 troops
        
        Mix of Spanish, Italian, and German mercenaries
        
        Had gone unpaid and were upset
        
        Thirsty to avenge the death of their commander
      - Clement had fled St Peters, but was found a month later in a storeroom and then prisoner
      - Many interpreted it ass a sign of God's displeasure and demand for Church reform
      - Clement VII agreed to crown Charles as HRE (he hadn't had his ceremony yet)
      - Clement sent Cardinal Cambeggio to attend the Diet of Augsburg 1530
  - - - Tried to call a general council 1536, but was thwarted by the outbreak of the 3rd Habsburg-Valois War
      - Gave support to new religious orders
        
        The Capuchins
        
        Emulated St Francis
        
        Oreaching to the poor
        
        Caring fr the sick
        
        The Ursulines
        
        Devoted to girls' education
      - Appointed 5 members of the Oratory of Divine Love as cardinals
        
        Members of the Oratory of Divine Love devoted their lives to austere living and charity, hoping to regenerate the Church by setting an example
    - - He had mistresses
      - Had 5 children
      - Made 2 of his teenage grandsons cardinals
  - - - Paul set up a 9-man commission to investigate the failings of the Church
      - Chaired by Contarini and included 3 other Oratory members
      - After 9 months, the commission produced its report: the Consilium
    - - While he agreed in principle with its findings, in practice the papacy could not afford to lose further income
      - Paul assumed a position of political neutrality
      - Paul continues to support the moderate reformers' ambitions
        
        Permitted Contarini to attend the Colloquy of Regensberg in 1541
  - - - There would be a general council if peace could be achieved, but Paul held a very different view on its purpose than Charles
        
        For Paul, the function was now for the sharp definition of Catholic doctrine prior to an all-out heresy
    - - HOWEVER in the HRE, the Peace of Augsburg prevailed
  - - - In 1536, Paul set up a 9-man commission to investigate the failings of the Church
        
        The Consilium 1537
      - Paul continues to support the moderate reformers' ambitions
      - Paul did not wish to alienate Charles
      - Lutheranism in Italy was persecuted into extinction
      - Attempts to counter Lutheranism through the printing press
      - Paul tried to reform the Church
        
        Gave support to new religious orders
        
        The Capuchins
        
        Emulated St Francis
        
        Oreaching to the poor
        
        Caring fr the sick
        
        The Ursulines
        
        Devoted to girls' education
        
        Appointed 5 members of the Oratory of Divine Love as cardinals
        
        Members of the Oratory of Divine Love devoted their lives to austere living and charity, hoping to regenerate the Church by setting an example
    - - The Papacy could not afford to lose further income
        
        Paul suppressed the Consilium 1537
      - Paul eventually adopted the hardliners' approach and went on the offensive
        
        For Paul, the function of a general council was now for the sharp definition of Catholic doctrine prior to an all-out heresy
      - Closed the doors to reconciliation with Protestantism
      - In the HRE, the Peace of Augsburg prevailed
      - Failed to get Luther to Rome in the early stages
      - Often more concerned with other priorities
      - Acted too slowly without consistency (Pope's often changed)
      - Too concerned with self-interest
        
        Land
        
        The Papal states
        
        Refused to call a General Council of the Church
      - Council of Trent 1545 was too late an reaffirmed Catholic doctrine
      - Abuses of the Church continued under Paul III