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ROMANTICISM, . - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Shelley called it a “divine power” that made humans god-like.
  - - - Pure
      - Spontaneous
      - Untouched by society
      - innocent
      - creative
  - - - Far places: China, Africa
        
        These symbolized escape from the artificiality of the Industrial world.
      - Far times: Middle Ages
  - - - Beauty = rational, orderly, proportioned.
      - Sublime = immense, terrifying, emotionally overwhelming.
        
        Sublime experiences often involved wild nature, darkness, obscurity, and powerful scale.
        
        Reaction: terror mixed with pleasure and awe.
- - - - Britain turned from an agrarian to an industrialised nation
      - Rise in population and quality of life due to agricultural and technological progress.
        
        which made farming more efficient and increased food production
        
        also thanks to enclosures=privatised land controlled by landowners
      - Start of mass consumption: goods produced by machines.
      - key inventions
        
        Steam engine
        
        which worked by heating up water and this was possible thanks to coal
        
        in the beginning was used to pump water out of mines
        
        later became fundamental in transport,especially train,and factories
        
        The loom
        
        which made working cloth easier
      - the condition of the worker were terrible
        
        forced to work under extremely hard conditions
        
        barely paid for it
        
        housed in small overcrowded towns full of health hazards
        
        also kid had to work
    - - British government applied duties on the american goods to reduce the public debt caused by the 7 year's wars
        
        although england removed most of them, some still remain on certain goods, like tea.
        
        American said “no taxation without representation”
        
        this lead in 1773 to the Boston tea party
      - the war of indipendence began in 1775
        
        people were divided into 2 factions:
        
        the patriots
        
        for indipendente
        
        supported by the french army
        
        organised a Congress in Philadelphia
        
        on the 4th july of 1776 they ratified the declaration of indipendence
        
        in wich they claimed their indipendence from the crown and defined a republic where te concent to govern came from people
        
        in the saratoga battle of 1777 they had a very important victory also thanks to the support of french
        
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        the loyalists
        
        wanted to remain with Britain
        
        supported by the crown
    - - in 1780 George the 3 started suffering from casual attacks of madness and he became totally incapable of holding the reign
        
        in 1811 his son,George the 4 became Prince Regent in a period called “the recency”
        
        he gave a lot of importance to art and architecture, was fascinated by the exotic and he never did much in politic
        
        Royal Pavilion and the Regent Street in London
        
        between 1824 the combination act were repealed which made worker’s association legal.
        
        in 1829 the home secretary created the Metropolitan Police Force
        
        George the 4 died in 1830
        
        succeeded by his brother william the 4,known as the “sailor king”
        
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    - - Disillusionment after Robespierre’s Reign of Terror.
      - had a lot of importance for english writers
      - Nelson defeated Napoleon in Trafalgar
        
        duke of Wellington
      - every times that there’s a rebellion in england the army fires on the protestor
- - - - pre-romantic
      - Engraver, painter, writer
        
        studied at the Royal Academy of Art
        
        Rejected classical art; emphasized imagination
        
        merges art, religion, and philosophy to critique Enlightenment rationalism and materialism.
        
        • For Blake, scientific reason is limiting and spiritually blind.
        • Science reduces humanity to calculation and measurement, ignoring the divine and the infinite.
        
        Artwork: Isaac Newton (1795)
        
        Engraving showing Newton seated on a rock, hunched over a scroll, using a compass.
        
        He is surrounded by darkness, isolated and fully absorbed in measurement.
        
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        Newton is a visual allegory of the rational mind-self-contained, disconnected from nature and spirit.
        
        The compass symbolizes geometry, logic, and scientific control, which Blake saw as sterile and reductive.
        
        The rock he sits on is covered in organic textures (algae, living forms) ->contrast between mechanical reason and living nature.
        
        Isaac Newton visually expresses Blake's rejection of Enlightenment science and its mechanistic worldview.
      - Supported French Revolution, was a radical and a freethinker
      - Anti-institutional: spiritual but rejected the Church
      - Had mystical visions (brother’s ghost, paradise)
        
        which inspired his engravings
      - Invented illuminated printing
        
        poems paired with illustrations which had to go together
      - Wrote prophetic books
        
        prophecy made by his imagination
        
        the most famous is the “Marriage of Heaven and Hell”
    - - London
        
        is part of a Blake's collection called Song of experience(1974)
        
        Blake describes his view of the city and the negative effects that industrialization has on it
        
        The poem is composed of iambic tetrameters and trochaic tetrameter, which means it has rhythm that goes up and down.
        
        first stanza
        
        It starts with "I as to underline the subjective view of the poem, the one of Blake itself.
        
        he talks about "Chartered" streets he means that they are not free
        
        they are controlled by an authority and everything is dominated by an economic interest.
        
        second stanza
        
        The function of the repetition of 'every" is to underline how in this society everybody is being affected by the negative universal effects of industrialization,
        
        this is also why words like 'Man" and Child" have capitaletters, as to underline how he means everyone.
        
        he says "The mind-forg'd manacles" and the metaphor here wants to say that men create their own mental prisons, their own manacles.
        
        third stanza
        
        The three victims that the text talks about are:
        
        The chimney sweeper
        
        who suffers because of the church institution which he says it's blackening" because such colour is usually linked with negative things and sins or because black is the colour that pollution gives to buildings.
        
        The church "appals" which means is shocked, for what it itself causes.
        
        the soldier
        
        who suffers because of the government institution. "Hapless" means unlucky and it's referred to soldiers.
        
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        the harlot
        
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        the tone
        
        is accusing, indignant, sorrowful, bitter and nostalgic of a world before industrialization.
        
        Blake believes that the church fragmented the way we see reality, it created good and evil, experience and innocence, reality and dream...
        
        Blake calls this opposites complimentary because he believes they should coexist together.
        
        This can be seen in his prophetic book The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (Hegel) where these two realities coexist and are not opposite.
      - The chimney sweeper
        
        comes from The Songs of Innocence and Song of experience
        
        has a completely different rhythm from London sounding more like childish song.
        
        Such rhymes are called "nursery rhymes"
        
        based on complementary opposite where on the left we have images associated to innocence and on the right the ones associated with corruption
        
        says a lot about the historical period: how some family were so poor they had to sell their child, the terrible working condition, the hygiene hazards.
        
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        first stanza
        
        The onomatopoeia is trying to convey the suffering but also, if you add an
        “s” to "weep” it turns into sweep, which is what chimney sweeper used to do, they went around Shouting "sweep" to find people to work for.
        
        The repetition of the "s" is meant to imitate the sound of cleaning.
        
        "yours" is used to condemn the reader, how he is part of this problem.
        
        second stanza
        
        its said that the chimney sweeper was shaved, this to prevent him from getting dirty and get lice. But he cannot understand this and cries.
        
        There's a metaphor of the white which stands for blonde and the lamb because are the religious symbols of innocence in the Bible for Christ.
        
        They would be spoiled by the black of the sooth which is the colour of darkness and industrialisation.
        
        third stanza
        
        the poem talks about a nightmare of the child
        
        He sees his friends locked
        in coffins (which are metaphors for chimneys where child got stuck and suffocated)
        
        fourth stanza
        
        an angel comes and sets them free with a key
        
        the metaphor here is that they reached freedom only after death, after having been in the coffin.
        
        Now the nightmare turns into a dream, they are in heaven and can be happy and pure, and wash (water is a symbol of purification) of the traces of the industrialized world.
        
        fifth stanza
        
        the angel told to tom that if he will do his job,god will be his father
        
        This does not come from Tom but from the Church that gives false hopes to keep exploiting children.
        
        sixth stanza
        
        After waking up he is happy and warm thanks to the dream
    - - the song of innocence (1789)
        
        in the beginning there is a child on a cloud who gives inspiration to a shepherd who start playing these songs with his flute
      - The song of experience (1794)
        
        there’s a bard playing these song in the adults world
        
        goes over the values of the previous work with a more pessimistic view
        
        there is a counterpart for all the work of the previous collections except for “London”
  - - - He is considered as the founder of romanticism.
      - was born in the Lake District in 1770, one of the most beautiful natural areas of England with dozens of lakes.
        
        He moves to France and supports the ideals of the revolution. Here he marries a French women and has a child.
        
        In 1793 a war between France and England breaks out and he has to leave his family forever which nearly gets him to a mental breakdown.
        
        He moves in 1795 lo Dorset with his sister Dorothy which becomes her assistant. In this period he meets Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
        
        They together work on a collection of poems called the Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
        
        in 1799 he moves with his sister back where he was born, in Lake District, a natural paradise, where he meets and marries another woman.
    - - collection of poems was written by Wordsworth together with Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
        
        There are two versions: one from 1798 and the second from 1800. Their poems are completely different, one from another, with different style and themes,
        
        When they published the collection in 1798 it was anonymous, and critics saw it as revolutionary, so much that it forever changed poetry and language.
        
        That was exactly their aim, they were trying to change poetry
        
        The 1800 version has a preface written by Wordsworth which is considered as the manifesto of romanticism.
        
        in it we can find :
        
        his interpretation of nature
        
        called "pantheistic" and underlines how man are themselves part of nature and it is able to bring joy and pleasure to us, other than being a source of morality,
        
        his definition of poetry
        
        “poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.it take its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity”
        
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        his definition of poet
        
        “a man speaking to men”
        
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        Lyrical" stands for subjective and it's paired with the word "ballads" because they take
        inspiration from the middle ages, it's popular so everyone can sing them and they told a story.
      - I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
        
        In the start of the poem the narrator's mood is "negative": he lonely, sad and melancholic,
        
        stanzas
        
        first stanza
        
        The poet compares himself to a cloud, a natural element of nature, this is called "simile"
        
        He uses the word "crowd" to describe a group of daffodils, but that's a word commonly used for people, which means it's a personification*
        
        This is also applied to the word
        "dancing” which reminds of a fdyful situation,
        
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        second stanza
        
        The flowers are compared to stars in the Milky Way because of their shape and color
        
        the sky represent the soil, they are both reflection of each other,in one there are stars in the other daffodils,there a link between them
        
        He says that he sees fens St thousands of daffodils, which is an hyperbole, of the idea that the universe is infinite going on with the previous simile
        
        third stanza
        
        Even the lake, beside the daffodils, is dancing with waves, giving a sense of harmony and since the poet is a sensitive person he must fell the same.
        
        Wordsworth here is still describing a past experience since he is using the past simple
        
        fourth stanza
        
        He says that when he is in pensitive state the memory of the daffodils flashes in his inner eyes
        
        At the end of the fourth stanza he talks about how the experience has brought him wealt just like the daffodils were golden, but this isn't a material One
        
        description not based on rationality but on imagination,through the eyes of the poet.
    - - one of the most imgortant aspects of poetry is memory
        
        because poetry takes his origin from.
        "emotion recollected in tranquility":
        
        1). you live an experience and observe it in the past,
        
        2) in a second moment, through memory, you recollect those moments in contemplation in tranquillity
        
        It's after these 3 passages that the poet writes his works.
        
        3) you see them through the eyes of imagination.
    - - means the world of sensory perceptions
        
        which create simple ideas that together make up complex ideas