rate depends on pre-mortem glycogen and ATP stores (quicker onset in emaciated animals), pre-mortem exercise (excessive used muscle= quicker onset), post-mortem T (increased T= quicker onset), pH (lower pH=quicker onset), excited/stressed animals (lower energy reserves (glycogen + creatine phosphate), reach critical level of ATP for rigor mortis to occur earlier= quicker onset), cadaveric spasm (instantaneous form of rigor caused by sudden or violent death)