Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

:flag-gb: SPECIALISED COMMUNICATION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - techincal vocabulary differs from lexicon in ordinary langauge in that it is not arbitrary (in natural languages the signifiers are accidental)
  - - - there tend to be 2 parallel lexical inventories for the same concept: one more specialized and one belonging to the ordinary communciation
        
        this can cause problem in translation bc there is no correspondance between registers across languages (in italiano-to-eng translations and vice versa the choice of terminology requires a switch in register: more specialized terms have to be used in italian)
- - - - extensional definition consists of the enumeration of all species which are at the same level of abstraction in other words it is definition by example
      - part-whole definition: describes a superordinate concept in a partitive concept system by listing all the parts that make up the whole
      - intensional definition: state the superordinate concept and list the differentiating characteristics in order to position the concept being defined in its concept system and to delimit it from the other concepts in this system
- - - - particular syntactic structures tend to be higher in written texts : nominal in style and lexically dense
      - most common form of nominalization is from verb to noun. it increases the density of a sentence by packing information
        
        nominal style is found in specialized texts (but also articles, bureacracy etc) in most european languages
  - - - reducing of the semantic load carried by the verb forms. accompained by semantically empty verbs (happen, take place, represent ..)
      - shift of logico-semantic relations to the verb forms. verbs that can perform this function are to cause, to follow, to depend on, to lead to, to result in etc
      - shift of logico-semantic relations to a nominal predicate
      - use of nominalization as illocutionary force indicating device
      - recourse to a fact clause (fact, notion, idea, possibility)
      - this set of nominalization procedure tends to shift hypotactc relations from clause-complex level to noun-group level contributing to simplifying the organization of clauses within the sentence
        
        in many cases noun groups are accompanied by adverbial complements which are used as substitutes for a variety of subordinate adverbial clauses
        
        discursive consequences
        
        confering objectivity and universality to the findings set forth-> headging srategiey
        
        verb forms: mood, tense and voice
        
        use of non-finite forms is frequent
        
        participials which fulfill the function of an embedded relative clause
        
        recurrent recourse to charts, diagrams, tables, schemes and lists is one of the stylistic peculiarities of specialized texts
- - - - confering impersonality objectivity and universality
      - tendency to suppress the self-> cancellation of the subject in favour of an agent who is purely epistemic
    - - theme is put first + rheme (conveys what the speaker has to say about the theme)
      - metadiscourse: linguistic resources a writer should use to attempt to guide recipients percepition of a text. including hedges, conncetives, illocutory markers, code glosses, text commentary
        
        devices that contribute to conveying the writers attitude and their communicative and rhetorical intent
        
        metadiscourse: discourse abt discourse
        
        interactive resources refer to the writer's attempt to organize text to meet the recipient's expectetions and needs, and make them aware of the writer's preferred interpretations and purpose
        
        interactional resources refer to how the writer manages the interaction with recipients, putting forth commentary to make their views explicit and engage readers
        
        transitions: addition (and, moreover); comparison (similarly, likewise, equally); difference (in contrast, however, but); consequence (in conclusion, thus,therefore); argument is being countered (anyway, of course, addmittedly); frame markers (first, then, next); elements labelling text stages (so summarize, by way of intro); announcing discourse intents (i argue here, the paper proposes); topic shift (well, right, now); code glosses; boosters ; attitude markers; engagement markers
        
        HEDGING STRATEGIES
        
        indicates a particle, word or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or a noun phrase in a set, it says of that membership that it is partial or true only in certain respects, or that it is more true and complete than might be expected
        
        headging: a manipulative non-direct strategy of saying less than one means
        
        headges are words or expressions that attenuate or approximate the value or strength of a statement
        
        all linguistic features and strategies aimed at modulating or reducing the speakers or writers commitment to the truth or the illocutionary force of an utterance
        
        headging strategies can be aimed at generating an effect of politeness or indirectness, mitigation, vagueness and understatement
        
        can
        
        epistemic or evidential adverbs : apperantly, presumably, seemingly, conceivably, theoritically, in line of principle, essentially
        
        reported predication: a proposition is stated in terms of shared knowledge rather than as the result of specific studies : that clauses (it is generally accepted that; recent research suggests that)
        
        the use of modals leads to an effect of modulation of the strenght of the speech acts involved : hedged perfomatives (performative verbs: apologize, promise request + modals)