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PW TOXICOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - digestive, neuro
  - - - digestive, renal
  - - - digestive, renal, neuro
- - - - disturbance of Na/K pump > increase neuronal excitability
      - dog, cat, horse, ruminants, pig
        
        muscular, neuro...
      - cattle, hyperthermia, keeping head btw forelimbs, opisthotonos
      - swine, hyperthermia, sitting-dog position, mydriasis
      - canine, hyperthermia, pedalling, convulsions permanent, opisthotonus
    - - dog, cat, horse, ruminants, pig
        
        overacute / acute: muscarinic, nicotinic, CNS / chronic: digestive
      - inhibit ACh Esterase (irreversible)
      - atropine + oximes
      - canine, history of treatment for babesiosis
      - sheep, miosis, hypersalivation, diarrhea
      - horse, sweating, hypersalivation, diarrhea, colic
    - - dog, cat, horse, ruminants, pig
        
        overacute / acute: muscarinic, nicotinic, CNS / chronic: digestive
      - inhibit ACh Esterase (reversible)
      - atropine
  - - - glycine (inhibitory neurotransmitter) released by inhibitory interneurons (Renshaw cells) in synapse > hyperpolarization of postsynaptic mb
        
        strychnine acts on Renshaw cells as competitive + reversible antagonist > block inhibitory effects of glycine > postsynaptic mb hypopolarized > action potential pass > contractions
      - all
        
        initial: severe tetanic contraction, advanced: neuro + asphyxia
      - feline, sawhorse stance, convulsions intermittent
      - canine, convulsions intermittent, tetanic contractions
    - - fluoroacetate substitutes acetyl coA + oxaloacetic acid > fluorocitrate > inhibits aconitase from citric acid cycle > stop energy > disturbances of nervous system + heart, accumulation of citric acid in blood + tissues
        
        citric acid binds to serum calcium (> calcium citrate) > severe hypocalcaemia + heart failure
      - ruminants, horse, rabbit
        
        cardiac
      - dog, guinea pig
        
        CNS excitation
      - cat, pig, hamster
        
        cardiac + nervous
      - canine, wild running, convulsions intermittent, vomiturition, vomiting
      - canine, violent barking, wild running, convulsions intermittent
    - - irritation of gastric mucosa > central action > vomiting > toxic elimination
      - OR: > hydrogen sulphide: inhibits enzymatic system which participates in intercellular junction formation > increase permeability of lung capillaries > pulmonary edema, asphyxia
      - all
        
        digestive, liq in organs (> muffled cardiac sounds), general, asphyxia, death
      - feline, dyspnea, foamy nasal discharge
      - canine, dyspnea, foamy nasal discharge
    - - OR phosphides > stomach (acidic pH) > phosphine (gas): irritant + corrosive > necrosis of GI mucosa
        
        excretion organ irritant, toxic, couples w circulating Ca (> hypocalcaemia)
      - all
        
        GI, CV, respi, nervous, renal, hepatic / chronic: cutaneous ulcers + necrosis
        
        horse: colic
        
        cattle: tympany
      - canine, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hematemesis w aliaceous odor
      - irritation of gastric mucosa > vomiting > toxic elimination
    - - all
        
        gastric, hypercalceamia, renal, neuro
      - cholecalciferol > calcifediol/calcidiol > calcitriol > calcitrol (active)
        
        increase Ca + P absorption in GIT > stimulates Ca bone resorption > increase calcium renal reabsorption > hypercalceamia (+ hyperphosphatemia) > metastatic calcification
      - feline, hemorrhagic diarrhea, polydipsia, polyuria
      - canine, hemorrhagic diarrhea, polydipsia, polyuria
    - - uncouples oxidative phosphorylation > decrease ATP synthesis > decrease Na/K-ATPase > increase Na + water inside cell > vacuolization of cells > myelin vacuolization > cerebral edema + increase CSF P°
      - all
        
        general, ocular, neuro / overacute: hyperexcitability, shivers, epileptic seizures
      - canine, posterior paresis, paralysis, anisocoria
      - feline, decerebrate posture, anisocoria
      - feline, paresis, paralysis posterior, nistagmus
    - - all
        
        hemorrhages + general, neuro, articular, ocular
      - anticoagulant: blocks vit. K1 epoxide reductase > only vit. K1 epoxide (inactive) > block activation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X --> + vascular fragility > coagulopathy
      - vitamin K1
      - feline, prostration, hemorrhagic diarrhea, pale mucous mbs
      - swine, pale mucous mbs, ecchymoses
      - canine, fatigue, hematemesis
- - - - digestive, neuro...
  - - - neuro
    - - toxic for Krebs cycle enzymes > metabolic acidosis
      - neurological + respiratory toxic
- - - - methemoglobinaemia
    - - hepatotoxicity
    - - NAPQI: centrilobular hepatic necrosis, reactive oxygen + nitrogen species, MetHb + Heinz bodies
- - - - digestive, neuro, renal