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6: Society under Fascism - Coggle Diagram
6: Society under Fascism
Indoctrination of education and the youth
1926 the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was created 'for the physical and moral benefit of the youth'
1934 restructured with the Figli della Lupa for the boys aged 6-8, Balilla for 8-14 and Avanguardista for 14-17, for the girls there was similar
ONB compulsory for all until 11 and compulsory for all beyond 11 from 1939
All other youth groups bar Catholic Action were banned
At 18 all able bodied men had to train for the military and girls did gymnastics/ domestic prep
ONB fed all usual propaganda and they wore mini blackshirt uniform
From 1929 shift to indoctrination with Mussolini portrait in every classroom, slogans to start the day, fascist textbooks (libro unico), history used for patriotism
Teachers had to swear loyalty oath in 1931 and 1933, also had to members of the PNF
At university there was the GUF (University Fascist Youth) who ran many extra curricular activities, membership meant exemption from military service - had 7 million members by 1937
Success to a degree because many WW2 fighter were young adolescent
Less successful in the south (less school attendance) and amongst girls (less school attendance and didn't like motherhood obsession)
Opera Nazionale Dopolarovo
OND set up in 1925 than gave out subsidised holidays and trips (more subtle than the ONB)
8000 libraries by 1939, radio sets provided, clubhouses and sports facilities (1 in nearly every town), food and clothing for the poor, welfare for workers
Membership grew from 300,000 in 1926 to 4 million by 1939
Mussolini resisted PNF pressure to push fascist agenda within the OND
The Influence of fascist culture
1931 Mussolini declared culture had become an 'arm of the regime'
The National Institute of Fascist Culture created in 1926 (involved things like free concerts)
1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution which was visited by over 4 million
Mussolini open to all styles of art, he emphasised the Novecento movement (Roman emphasis) but still rejected liberal past
Architecture focused on a neo-classical Roman style, EUR was largest building project but symbolically not finished due to WW2
Forzano encouraged appreciation of Mussolini (like with Caesar) through film showing fascist achievements in Africa and Spain but 87% of taking came from Hollywood
Had very limited impact on literature or music (due to not encouraging intelligence)
Hard to say people were transformed due to no key message or intellectual powerhouse