Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
LEAUGE OF NATIONS, who was too blame for the cold war, FDR and the new…
LEAUGE OF NATIONS
impacts of the depresion
many countries started to focus on themselves after the 1929 wall street crash. this caused them to try and fix their own economies and not worry about international peacekeeping or dedicate recourses to keep the league going
-
-
it made sanctions usless as during the deprsion countries were unwilling to stop trade as they desperatly needed the money
even though the depression happend in america it effected the whole world causing an economic crisis called the great deprsion throughout the majority of the 1930s
as after WWI the USA lent billions to europian countries like germany brittan and france the loans helped germany rebild its econemy and pay its reperations.
it was called the daws plan. The daws plan was in 1924 and its main goal was to help germany pay its reperations set by the treaty without collapsing its econemy.
how it would work is the usa would lend money to germany (it started of at around 800m). germany would use this money to rubil its econemy and make it easier to pay reperations
-
so when the crash USA demanded imediat repayment of loans. Since germany could not pay it caused all of the banks to collapes and unnemployment in germany too soar.
the usa had the biggest ecconemy and was the biggest importer in the world. so after the crash the usa stopped importing forigen goods and put up tarrifs on everything to protect its own buisness causing major ecenomic crisis
many countris copied the usa causing global trade to shrink massivly. Major powers like brittan france japan and germany saw factoris close and exports close. so it showed when push came to shove countries would choose to save their own ecenomies instead of working together
then the usa became powerless as major powers were stuggling ecenomicly unwilling to fight wars and afraid to appply sanctions that might hurt their own buisness
-
brittan and france becoame infected with the disease unemployment and were facing huge domestic finanical responsibility which meant their abilty to enforce leauge decisons was hugly limited
the leagues efforts too deal with international crisis's like Manchuria was undermined by Brittan and Frances domestic priorities as they were too preoccupied with solving their own issues to do anything
the league became reluctant to use sanctions or force. Because major powers economies were in ruins they were unwilling too take economic or military actions against aggressive countries like japan Italy and Germany
both Brittan and France hesitated to impose sanctions on countries like Italy or germane because they feared economic retaliation or disruption of vital trade.
-
failures in the 1930s
the Manchuria crisis (1931)
Japan invaded Manchuria in China which was known for its rich naturel recourses
Japan procced to claim Chinese soilders had attacked their railway in mukeden which was widley believed too be fake
without any restrictons from the leauge they set up a puupet goverment their called manchuko
it took over a year for the league too do anything then when they finally did al they did was condemn them (a slap on the wrist) and tell them they should leave
Japan then vetoed any action against them and left the leauge
it was a failure because the league didn't send any troops
it showed the league couldn't stop aggresion against stronger nations
the 1930s was not a good decade for the leauge as it completly failed to deal with the aggresive actions of major powers and exposed weakness
the abysneia crisis (1935-1936)
this was italy(under mussolini) invading abysneia for a couple reasons: one being mussolini wanting an empire and the other being wanting revenge for what happpend in 1896
the leauge responding by imposing ecomic sanctions e.g banned arms sales. However they left out lots of key materials like coal iron and rubber which meant italy felt no real punuishment
brittan and france secretly made the Hoare level pact offering mussolini most of abysenia to keep him happy.
when it was leaked it caused public outrage and massivly discredited the leauge. In the end italy ignored and took over abysnia
it was a failure because the leauge imposed weak sanctions and tried too have secret deals which showed the leauge was not serious about stopping agrresion
it destroyed the leauges credibility as smaller countries relized it would not protect them
rearmement and hitlers actions
even though germny was not a member for manchria or abysnia the leauge still failed too:
stop germany rearmingin the 1930s
react to germany remilitrazing the rhineland which was a violation of the treaty
basicly no real responce happend as the leauge was focused on abysenia and noone wanted to risk war
after all of theese failures many major countrys left the leauge
japan(1933)
germany(1933)
italy(1937)
the leauge had now become a group of smaller more powerless countires
remilitarisation of the Rhineland(1936)
the rhinland is a region in west germany along the boarder of france and belgium
because of the treaty germany was banned from placin troops their as it was a demiliterized zone
however in 1936 hitler sent 22,000 german troops into the rhineland
they marched through with no resistance. they had had strict orders to retreat if they met opposition
Hitler claimed he was defending Germany after France signed a defence pact with USSR
by sending troops in Hitler had directly violated the treaty
france and brittan did not act because france was in the middle of an election and was woried about starting a war and brittan didnt act because many people in england thought germany had the right to station troops their and they thought the treaty was too harsh
the leauge commended action but took no further steps as it was still distracted by abysnia
it was importent as it was hitlers first major gamble and it paid of which meant he would have motive for next time
the USSR crisis-1939(partial failure)
the USSR joined the league late in 1934 after being excluded, despite joining their commitment to the leagues principles was weak as tensions in Europe increased. in 1939 the USSR invaded Finland in what was called the winter war. The league saw this as a clear act of aggression and expelled the USSR. the expulsion was one of the last significant actions the league took
it showed the limited power the leauge had in enforcing peace in the late 1930s
however the expulsion showed the league was trying its best too keep its principles of collective security and protect smaller nations like Finland
it showed the decline of power the league had in the 1930s .
failures in the 1920s
the ruhr crisis (1923)
germany couldnt pay reperations after WW1
so france and belgium invaded the ruhr too take control of the goods as compenstation
this was done without the leauges aprrovel and they did nothing too punish france or belgium
this showd the leauge could not controll powerfull members or enforce rules equely
USA refusel to join
the Leauge of nations was created as part of the treaty largly pushed by woodrow wilson as he saw it as a way to maintain world peace and prevent futre wars
despite Wilsons best efforts the senate rejected the treaty of Versailles league membership in 1919 and 1920 as you needed the senates approval to join
the reason include isolationism as many Americans didn't want too be involved in European conflicts or international alliances
another reason was the fact senators feared the league membership would force them too sent troops too fight in Europe without congress approval
another main reason the leagued didn't join was financial concerns as many of them were worried the USA would have to pay large of sums of money to rebuild Europe
another reason is political opposition as Woodrow's opponents in the senate(republicans) disliked his idealistic approach and tried to limit us involvement in international affairs
then Wilson had a stroke which meant he couldn't campaign for the league anymore
the leage had limited power to enforce decisons as it had no army or police force of its own
it was very dependent on member countries to enforce rulings but this wasnt very good as they were reluctent to commit trrops
when countries in the leauge broke the rules the leauhe relyed on economic sanctions or moral condemmantion which were usaly ignored
the lack of enforcmen power maade the leauge seem weak and encourged the leauge seem weak so countries would do stuff without fear of concequences
it had slow and inefective decison making as they required a unanimous agreement from members
this made it dificult too act quickly of desicvley when major powers disaggred
for example if one country vetoed sanctions or milatry actions the leauge was too powerless to act this is what happend in the manchuria crisis
this resulted in delays and inaction in critacel moments
vilna crisis(1920)
vilna is the capitel of lithunaia but in 1920 polish troops seized it claiming it should belong to poland so the lithuina appled to the leauge for help
the leauge agreed with lithunnia and asked poland to withdraw but they refused and went too the confrence of ambasdors who agreed with them
brittan and france did nothing to support the leauges decison france was even happy about it as poland was an ally against germany
this made the leauge look weak as it good be undermined by other major powers
corfu crises(1923)
italys general(telini) was murderd while surveying the greek/albamian border for the leauge.
mussoline blamed greece and invaded corfu and murderd 15 people
the leauge only condemed italy and asked them to withdraw
mussoline refused unless greece payed compensation
the leauge changed their mind and decided greece should pay
this showd powerfull poeple could use threats and violance to get what they wanted
Why the leauge failed
One of the main reasons the league failed was that USA never joined. This was the biggest blow to the leagues power and reputation.
USA had the strongest economy and military after WWI. Without them they couldn't imply harsh sanctions due too the lack of financial recourses and military backing.
it also weakened their moral authority as countries saw it as a club for weak European countries.it caused it too have much less influence.
it was crucial too the leagues failure because it reduced their influence internationally and caused Brittan and France too take full responsibility and they were weak leaders
Brittan And France were to weak and selfish interested to lead the leauge. As they were both ecenomicly exhausted after WWI, they also disagree regularly as france was harsher and brittan was more cautious. They prioritised their own empires and trade(e.g hoare laval pact with mussolini)
The leauge had no army of its own wich meant it had to rely on member countries to enforce deciosms. But they regularly refused as they cared more about themselvs
Decions had too be unanimous which meant one country could block any decion, this caused the leauge to be slow and in effective so in crises they could not act quickly
The great depression caused a global ecenomic crisis and caused countries to focus on domestic problems, unwilling to corporate and turn to extreme leaders like hitler
Aggressive powers could just ignore the leauge. E.g japan left after the manchuria report, italy left after abysenia and germany left in 1933.
MAIN AIMS
-
Improves peoples lives
-
the leauge helped return 400,000 prisnoners to their home
-
-
-
-
-
-
disarmement
-
-
-
-
-
-
example(partial succes)
the washington nave confrence (1921-22)
wasnt run by the leauge but supported by it
usa GB france and japan agred to limit navel sizes this set a succecfull step towards naval disarment. it did show counties preffered to negotiate in smaller groups then through the leauge
example failure
world disarmament confrence (1932-34)
organized by leauge and took place in geneva it
tried to get countries to reduce militaries to the size of germany. It started of with high hopes for genral disarmament by all countries
why it failed
many countries were afraid about making themselvs weaker. for example france refused to disarm unpess germany was limited even more
some countries were sympethetic to germany
when hitler took power in 1933 he withdrew from the confrence saying germany was being treated unfairly and wanted to be able to reaem openly even though it violated the treaty this sent a message saying germany was not going to disarm
consequences
leauge became less credible
showed major countries would not disarm
proved collective security was weak
the leagues inability to penalize Germany showed how weak it was
key reasons for faiure
-
lack of trust as most countries wanted security guarantees before disarming. major powers like France refused too disarm due too fear of Germany
-
-
-
-
-
succes in the 1920s
-
upper silesia (1921)
upper silesia was an industrial region beetween germany and poland
after WW1 the treaty gave the leauge the power to choose who it belongged too
the populaton was mixed with gemrmans and poles
the leauge did a plebicite too decied which countey the people wanted to join
the majority wanted to join germany but some wanted to stay in poland
too keep peace the leauge divided the regionn
the more industriled easten part went too poland and rest stayed with germany
this showed the leauge could use a democratic proccesto avoid conflict
mosul dispute (1924)
mosul was a oil rich region which was wanted by turkey and iraq which was under brittish control
after the ottomon empire colapsed turkey wanted mosul returned but brittan wanted to keep it under the power of iraq
the leauge set up a commesion to figure out who had rightful owenership
the commison considerd factos like ethinc groups and strategic intests
it decided that it remained under brittish contoll with iraq
turkey accepted the decisonto avoid war
this showed the leauge could solve disputes with big powers
alll of these showed the leauge could use investiagation commisons plebiicetis effectivley avoid war through peacefull settlments and help smaller nations feel protected from stronger neighboures
successes in the 1930s
-
-
it helped to limit drug trafficking and reduced labour in some contrys.
in 1932 it worked to free 200,000 slaves in sierra leone
the Sarr pelbicite
after WWI the treaty placed the Saar region under the leagues control for 15 years when they would then hold a plebiscite to decide weather the Saar should return to Germany join France or remain under the leagues control
the league kept their promise and ensured they held a fair plebiscite. Around 90% of the population voted to return to Germany. It was held without violence or intimidation even though tensions were high and many feared Nazi interference
it showed the league could do a complex vote peacefully
however it was a huge boost for Hitler's regime. Hitler used the result to promote nationalism and strengthen his grip on power. It allowed hitler too take more aggresive actions later knowing he had popular support
struture of the leauge
assembly
the leauge would meet once a year in geneva
each country has one vote no matter how big
decisons had to be unaimous
-
-
weaknesses
they only met once a year which ment their was a crisis 1 month after the meeting they would be in trouble
-
-
the council
the council was the most powerful part of the leauge and delt with emergincies crisis and threats to peace and met more often than the assembly
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
strengths and weaknesess
strengths
it had international backing(at first) it was set up as a requirment of the treaty in 1919- all countrys that signed the treaty agreed to join(over 50)
it had support from birttan and france(at first) they liked the idea of the leauge and hade huge empires that could influence other nations
they could settle some territorel disputes
aaland islands(1921)
upper silesia(1921)
greece vs bulgari(1925)
did some usfell umanitarian work like helping 400,000 refuges return home after WWI they worked to ban slavery and improve working conditon
-
weakness
the usa never joined as the us senate refused to join
with out Usa they lacked global authority
other countrys were less commited with out USA's leadership
they had no army or militaty force of their own so they relied on member coutries to enforce decions
this meant the leauge couldnt back up its rulings with power
the deciosns had to be unanimous as they needed everyone to agree
this made the leauge slow and unable to act in emerganys as one country could completly block action
brittan and france were weak leaders as they had both been damaged by WWI
they put their own intrests first
and often disagrred which lead to confusion
they let big powers get away with things e.g italy and japan as they wanted them as allys so they would let them act agressivly then back down to their needs
-
-
FDR and the new deal
the 1st new deal
emergancy banking act. he declared a 4 day bank hoiday where all banks would close. This prevented th epublic taking out money and alowwed the goverment to only aloow finaciy sound banks to open. FDR assured americans via fireside chats all was good. This restored confidence in the public
the FERA aimed to provide direct relife to the depserate. It provided $500 million to fund soup kitchens blankets job schemes and housing
the CCC aimed to proved jobs for young men and environmental consideration this meant that employed 18-25 year old men could get jobs working outdoors (planting trees park building, soil conservation. They lived in goverment camps and $30 a month was sent to their family. This resulted in 2.5 million men being employed boositng morale and helping the enviroment
the AAA helped farmers raise prives to produce less and reduce overproductuionn, they destroyed crops and killed livestock to reduce supply. in result prices rose and farmers income improved was controversial because food was wastred while people starved
the PWA the aim was to create jobs through infrastructure this was a goverment funded construction project. It built schools roads bridges and dams. It employed skilled workers and private firms. It built vital infastructire and stiumulated the econnemy. They were too slow to reduce unemployment quickly
the NRA the aim was to improve working conditions and industrial recovery. This encouraged businesses to sign up to codes of fair competition. This set minimum wages maximum hours and banned child labour. It also gave workers the rights to join unions. 2 million employers joined which boosted morale. But the supreme court ruled it unconstitutional in 1935
the TVA built dams with the aim to regenrate a poor rural region. He built dams to stop flooding and generate hydroelectric power. This created jobs improved farming and brought electricity. this transformed the Tennessee vally region and was considerd a major succes
the second new deal
context
-
critics said FDR had not done enough to protect workers and the poor long term. Pressure from unions and the left pushed FDR to introduce more reforms
the supreme court declared some of the 1st new deal laws unconsitutinal so the new laws had to be more carefully desinged
the social security act(1935) this set up a system of old age pensions for retired workers. This created unemployment insurance for workrer that had lost their job. Provivided welfare payments for diabled people and poor mothers with children. Firstr major federal welfare program and is still apart of US today
the WPA created millions of jobs directly for the unomployed. BUilt infastructure like roads bridges parks schools and airports. It also funded jobs for artists writter actors and muscians. Much faaster and direct then the PWA
the wagner act (1935) it gave works rights to form unions and bargain collectivly. Set up NLRB to enforce workers rights and stop unfair work on employes. Strengthend the powert of unions leading major growth in union membership
the REA helpd extend electricty to rural areas that still had no power helped modenize farming in rural conditions and funded the building of power lines and helped coopratives provide electricity
the fair labour standard act of 1938 Set minimum wage standards. limited maximun working hours to 44hrs
context
the US stock market crashed in october 1929 after years of over confidance this led to billions of dollars being lost in days. Busisnses lost value and banks faced bankruptcy this was caused by overproduction and buying on the margin
the great depression hit America causing 13 million unemployed 5000 banks to collapse, poverty and homelessness(Hoovervilles) a farming crises which caused prices to drop dust storms to ruin crops and many father to lose their land
president hoover failled as unempolyment rised due to the Laissez-faire pact which meant the goverment would not intervine to help buisness. the banks collapesd as he set up the RFC but he did too little too late. He seemed out of touch with reailty when he said things like "prosperity is just around the corner". This caused him to be unpopular as he was blamed form the suffering and seemed to be doping nothing.
FDR was a democrat goverment of new yor and proimised a new deal to the american people and campagined on active goverment intervention unlike Hoover. He won the ellection by a landslide and became president in march 1933
-
-
aims of the new deal
the three R's
relief it meant he would provide direct support to those suffering the most (unemployed, homeless and poor) this mattered because 13 million were unemployed and even more were starving homeless and losing faith in democracy. Hoover had refused to directly help while Hoover did it imediatly
Examples of this was the FERA which gave $500 million to states to help the poor
CCC jobs for 2.5 million young men in outdoor work
and the emergancy banking act that helped restore confidance in banks
recovery this was to get buisness banks and agriculture working again this helped rebuild confidance in the econemy and get people spending. This mattered because the industry had just collapsed causing production to fall 50%. Millions of jobs were lost in factories and on farms.
examples of this was the AAA which paid farmers to produce less and raise prices
the NRA which encourged fair wages and working conditions
the TVA which provided jobs and electricity to poor southern states
and the public works administration to build roads schools and hospitals
reform this was designed to fix the weakness in capitalism and the finacial system, help stop future ecenomic collapses and regulate banks stocks and industry. This mattered because the 1929 wall street crash was caused by unregulated speculation and banking failures. This caused many to belive the econmic system was broken. FDR wanted to save capitlism by reforming it not replacing it
examples of reform was the securities exchange commission which regulated the stock market
the social security act which introduced pensions and unemployment benifites
the wagner act which gave workers the right to join trade unions
the FDICwhich protected savings in banks
-
-
-
(examples succes)
orignized plebicites
allowing countries too join
approving leauhe activities like refuge work
-
(example failure)
manchuria(1931)
abysenia (1935)
failures because the leauge met too rarley
moved too slowley
had no power to enforce anything
-
it showd the leauge could make a differnce
it helped countries work together on globel problems no just political conflicts
it couldnt stop all wars but it imprived health and freedom for millions
-
-