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GENDER INEQUALITY IN HEALTH CARE AND IN THE WORKPLACE - Coggle Diagram
GENDER INEQUALITY IN HEALTH CARE
AND IN THE WORKPLACE
Gender Inequality in Health Care
Gender Bias in Diagnosis and Treatment
Men were more likely to receive stress tests and radioactive heart scans.
Women were often not referred for surgery until symptoms were severe, reducing their survival chances.
Doctors took men's chest pain more seriously than women's.
In emergency rooms, men were more likely to be admitted for heart-related pain, while women were frequently sent home.
Surgical Sexism: Unnecessary Hysterectomies
Financial incentives drove surgeons to perform these surgeries.
Doctors often exaggerated the risk (e.g., fibroids becoming cancerous) and withheld non-surgical alternatives to persuade women to agree to surgery.
Many hysterectomies were performed without cancer being present, based on the belief that post-childbearing female organs are “no longer needed” and “potentially disease-producing.”
Higher Female Mortality After Coronary Bypass Surgery
Women have a significantly higher mortality rate (4.6%) compared to men (2.6%) after coronary bypass surgery.
Initial assumptions blamed biological differences (e.g., smaller arteries), but research showed the surgery was not more difficult for women.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
The Gender Pay Gap
This wage gap exists across all levels of education.
Among industrialized countries, only Japan has a wider gender pay gap than the U.S.
On average, women working full-time earn only 67% of what men earn.
Discrimination in Starting Salaries
Surprisingly, the women had higher GPAs and more internship experience than the men.
In short, even when women were more qualified, they were still offered lower pay.
A study of business graduates from the University of Wisconsin found that women earned 11% less than men upon graduation.
The "Quiet Revolution" of Female Labor Force Participation
The number of married women with preschool children working for wages has tripled since 1960, reaching the national average for all women.
Since 1930, the proportion of women in the workforce has steadily increased.
Widening Pay Gap Over Time
Five years into their careers, the wage gap grew from 11% to 14%.
This shows that the inequality is not just initial—it becomes worse over time and reflects systemic discrimination.