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Geo Unit 1: physical Geography, Geo unit 2: Resource Management, formed by…
Geo Unit 1: physical Geography
definition
Geography
Study of places and the relationships between people and their environment
Geological time scale
Calender for all events happend on the earth
Precambrian
Paleozoic
marine life
Mesozoic
reptile
Cenozoic
mammal
Geography prepectives
Social
Political
Economic
Environmental
Cultural
Geography thinking concept
Spacial significant
Interrelationship
Pattern & trend
Geography prespectives
Earth structure
Core
Inner core
solid
Outer core
semi solic
magnetic field(how eath rotated)
Bottom layer, made of iron and nickel
Mantle
upper mantle
lithosphere
combine with crust to make tectonic plate
lower mantle
made of magma(melted rock)
thickness
Crust
thinnes
combine with upper mantle(lithosphere) to make tectonoc plate
Oceanic
continental
Earth structure history
Pangaea
supercontinent
wehn all the continents are coonect together
Contrinental Drif Theory
Alfred Wegener
All continenets connect at some point(Pangaea), and drift apart over time
4 reasons
Continent fit like a puzzel
Animal & plants fossil can be found at coastlines of different continents
Some landform regions(age & structure) in different cotinents
Ancient climate, ex. ice sheet cover the places that are warm now
Plate Tectonic
John Tuzo Wilson
Earth's crusts divide into plates, which are constantly moving in motions indepently(come point continents are connected)
Plate crash against, crash into and pull away
Earth movement
Convergent boundaries
plates crash into each other
caused by hot materials rising, cooling down and sinking back down
Type of convergent
Subduction
oceanic & continental plates
oceanic & oceanic plates
crash downward
subduction zone
thinner oceanic crust plate goes underneath a thicker oceanic crus plate
Collision
continental & continental plates
crash upward
cause earthquakes, sunamis and
mountain ranges
divergent boundaries
plates moveaway from each other
cause
earthquakes
and new oceanic crusts(magma rise from mantle and solidfy )
Transform boundaries
plates move along side in
opposite directions
casue earthquakes and displacement of rock
Landform
3 main type of landforms
shield
lowland
highland
landform regions
shield
Canadian shield
eronsion & tectonic plate
biggest & oldest
horse shoe & poor farming
lowland
Interior Plain
erosion & glaciation
bread basket & ideal farming
Hudsunbay lowlands
glaciation
breeding region, flat forest & poor farming
Greatlake & St. Lawrence lowlands
glaciation
trading & commerce, farming, most populated landform region
highland
arctic lands
tectonic plate
poor farming
western cordillera
collision of tectonic plate
farmig
appalachian mountain
collision of tectonic plate
rolling hills, was one covered in water
Earth structure formation
3. Deposition
dropping of rocks & minerals into a new space that create dunes or new islands
causese
wind
water
ice
gravity
2
. Erosion
movement of rocks & minerals from one place to another
causes
wind
water
ice
gravity
1. Weathering
breakdown rocks and minerals in one place
casues
wind
water
ice glaciation
process when a giant sheet of ice or glacier moves across land, create new landscapes
ice
Climare
Climate
Climate
long term pattern
easy to predict
type of climate
Maritime
small changes between seasons, <25degree
1000mm rain
most rain in winter
Continental
drastic temperature, >25degree
changes between seasons
<1000mm rain
most rain in the summer
Canada climate
various
1, Massive and extends very wide, from North to South, East to West
Different elevation
Coastal and inland difference
wind and pressure move weather fromm one place to another across Canada
factors affect
Latitude
distance from eqautor
higher latitude colder
Ocean Current
large bodies of water either carry hot/cold current that constanly moving
hot curent pass by, hot air
Winds & Air Mass
large volume of air carry climate from one place to another
widn blow from North cool, South hot
Wind blow over water bring wet
Elevation
increase inheight from sea level
higher elevation, cooler
Relief Precipitation
difference in elevation(caused by landscape, ex. mountain)
casue temperature to change, ex. one side of mountain rainy, theother not
Near large bodies of water
large bodies of water either cool down/heat slower than land
closer to water, colder
weather
day to day condition
difficult to predict
Natural Vegetation
Plants grow withous any human intervention
Types of natural vegetation
Tundra
top, arctic land
Permafrost
massive amount of ice and frozen ground
store carbon dioxide(cover 24% of earth land)
global warming, indigenous and animals
Grassland
vocer in grass
too dry for trees togrow
Forest
lots of trees
types
Coniferous
survive colder climate
have cone & needle-like leaves
ex. pine, spruce, balsam fir
Deciduous
need warmer climate
need good soil
maple tree, oak, birch
Mixed
Temperate
affect biodivercity, human activities and climate
Natural disaster
Pacific Ring of Fire
Earthquake
cause by boundaries of plates
Active fault lines
San Andreas(california)
Hayward(California)
North Anatolian(Turkey)
Apline(New Zealand)
Canada Map
Capital
Nunavut
Iqaluit
Northwest Territory
Yellow knife
Yunkon
Whitehorse
British Colummbia
Victoria
Alberta
Edmonton
Saskerchewan
Regina
Manitoba
Winnipeg
Ontario
Toronto
Newfound Land
St. John
Nova scotia
Helifax
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
New Brunswick
Fredericton
Quebec
Quebec City
Geo unit 2
: Resource Management
Natural resource
Renewable
replenish itself and last into the future as long as the environment is not destroyed
fish, tree
Non-renewable
has a limit on the earth
gold, natural gas
Economy
A systen about how a country produces and distributes goods and services in order to create wealth
Economy sector
primaty sector
natural resource extrantion
farmer, raw production
secondary sector
nanufature natural recourses into finished goods that customers buy
manufator wokers, potato to packed fries
teriary sector(most people work in, service >goods)
provide service to general population
transportation, cashier
quanternary sector
knowledge-based activities
web develop, advertisment designer
Material Economy
Externalized costs
Cost of production or consumption that does not respond for wither producer ot consumer, but the whole society
Planned Obsolescence
Produts are intentionally designed to break or being thrown away after a short period of time
plastic straws
Preceived Obsolescence
Customers' perception that a product is no longer usable, often affect by advertisments
out of fashion
5 stages of material economy
extraction
extration of natural resources
production
use energy to make natural resources into containment products
distribution
transportation goods to stores
consumption
sell and buy from distribution
disposal
waste caused by consumption, deal with landfll and burning
Fishing
Aquaculture(fish farming)
environmetn impacts & wild fish impacts
3 types of fishing
commercial
for profit
threats
overfishing
no fish for future
environment
climate change, pollution
foreign fisherman
can only fish beyong 200 nautical miles
technology
possible to capture fish more easily, no fish for future
recreational
pleasure, competition
subsistence
survival
Inshore Vs. Offshore fishing
Inshore
small boat with limites gear
self-employed(85% of the fishers)
day trips
only catch 10% of fish
Offshore
large boats with more gear
company owned(15% of fishers)
week trip
catch 90% of fish
fishing methods
dredging(worst)
rigid net dragging on the bottom of oceans
pole & line(best)
using fish rods & smal baits to catch fish one at a time
importance
social
source of protein(health condition)
political
trade
economic
largest industry wordwide
environmental
health of marine ecosystem, carbon dioxide, habitat
cultural
tradition ways of life
Forestry/Silviculture
forests benefits
environmental
store carbon
renewable resources
apple
non-renewable
paper
others
medicine
Forest harvest methods
clear-cutting
cut down all trees
desrt landscape(agriculture), soil erosion
cheap, fast
strip cutting
cut long strips of trees
allow regeneration of trees, reduce soil erosion & habitat destruction
shelterwood cutting(same age groups)
cut older trees first, let the remainder to provide seeds and shade for younger trees
support cycle, provide habitat
selective cutting(different age groups)
cut disease trees to leave best trees to regenrate
Types of forest
commercial
can be easily harvest & near makets
forest farm
non-commercial
hard to harvest ¬ near markets
national parks
Energy
conventional
non-renewable
low cost
large power
high consumption
global warming
alternative/flow resource
renewable
7 alternative resources
solar
wind turbine
geothermal
hydroelectricity
biomass
tidal/ocean
hydrogen
fossil fuel
formed by the remain of ancient plants & animal(organic materials)
3 types of fossil fuels
oil
pn-land/ offshore drilling (petro/diesel)
natural gas
frilled & pump into pipelines(compose ofmethane)
coal
surface/underground mining
Alberta tar sand
mixture of sand, water and bitumen(petroleum)
extracted then process to fossil fuel
Trade & Globalization
Exchange goods and services between countries
Tariff
tax on import to increase price in order to courage people to by locally
World Trade Organization
intergovenmenta organizations that regulated and control international trade
Protectionism
government restrictions on international trade to help local industries
Trade surplus
positive balance between import & export
export > import
Trade deficit
negative balance between import & export
import > export
Free trade
international trade without any restriction
NAFTA/USMCA
Free trade agreement between America, Mexico and Canada
goals
eliminate barriers for trade
promote conditions for fair competition
increase investment opportunities
provide protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights
create procedures for the resolution of trade disputes
establish framework to expand trade agreements' benefits
Import
goods and services purchased from other countries
Canada import from: USA, Mexico, China, Japan and German
Export
goods and services sell to other countries
USA, Mexico, China, Japan & United Kingdom
Globalization
Countries become increasly intercounected
prespectives
social
social media: news
political
European Union passport allow people to travel without visa
economic
improt, export, currency
environmental
climate change(global warming)
cultural
muticulturelism
technological
access to manufator products from other countries
Farming
Type of farming
intensive
small areas of land
large amount of labour
near urban areas
produce dairy products, ex. milk
extensive
large lands
small labour
produce products for export, ex. wheat
Factors
temperature
Growing Degree Days
1100
measure hwo warm the grwoing season is in a particular location
land quality
Canadian Land Inventory
land farming capabilities
level 4 or more
moisture
other
ex. hills
Sustainable Management
renewable resource extraction that aims for a constant level fo harvest over time without depleting resources and ensure sites' ability to regenerate
formed by one or more adjacent municipalities
All areas inside CA or CMA but not the core is rural
Other adjacent municipalities have to have high degree of integration融合度with core(measure by commuting flows通勤流量in work place
Geo Unit 3: Human Geography :
Demography
study of human population, help understand cultural and economic trend
Carrying capacity
maximum population size that an environment can sustain
affect by food, water, habitats and resources
fertility rate
average birth per woman give in her whole life
birth rate
death rate
natural increase rate
immigrate rate
emigrate rate
net migration rate
population growth rate
Immigration
intervening obstacles
factors prevent people from leaving
point system
Education
language
work experience
age
arranged job
adapability
push factor
factors make people life
pull factor
factors attract people to come
type of immigrants
family class
0 point
reunite with family
sponsor or family member must promise to provide housing and financial care for up to 10 years
business class
35+ points
contribute to economy
independent/skilled worker
67+ points
high demand job
refugee
Not consider as immigrants
fleeing conflicts or persecution
need social and economic help
Indigenous
First nation
60% of total indigenous population
Inuit
live in Northern Canada
Métis
Mix of first nation & european
treaties
agreement between indigenous and government
landclaims
comprehensive
there was never a treaty signed
specific
a treaty signed, but government never uphold the treaty terms
Population
Population distribution
Sparsely
Densely
types of distribution
scattered
live far apart
clustered
live close
linear
Population density
number of people living in a square kilometer of land
higher population density in urban area
Population pyramid
Expansive
wide base: high birth rate
narrow top: high death rate, low porprotion of old people
rapid population growth
low life expectancy
developing countries
Stationary
narrow base: declining birth rate
roughly equal population in each cohort
low death rate
high life expectancy
low dependency load
developed countries
Declining
high proportion of old people
low birth rate(lower than replacement rate: 2.1)
lower fertility rate
developed countries
Developing Vs. Developed countries
developed
world minority
complex economy
higher usage of technology amoung citizens
better life quality
higher life expectancy
developing
world majority
poor economy
low life expectancy
Cohort
lower dependency load
0-15 years old
workforce
16 - 64 years old
upper dependency load
65+
Baby boomer(1946 to 1964)
Generation
builder
baby boomer
gen x
gen y
gen z
gen alpha
nuclear family
family only with parents and their children
casue
Second World War
delay family starting
War bride
Immigration
European immigration after war
Economy propersity
jobs are readily available
Cultural reasons
greater value on marriage & nuclear family
efftects
nuclear family became normal
job market for next generation
pressure on dependency load
pressure on healthcare, social service & pension
Geo unit4: Sustainable & livable Communities
Sustainable + livable
Sustainable
Improving quality of life while sustain the carrying capacity fo the supporting ecosystem
Livable
All factors contribute to the quality of life
social: residential options
Political: speech freedom
economic: job opportunites
environment: green spaces, water, air
cultural: open minded
Urban
definition
Urban / City
high density
condos & apartment
now, mostly 80% of Canadians live in urbanized areas; only 18% in 1800s
Rural / Country
low density
detach housing
Suburban
medium density
semi-detach housing & town
Urbanization
when a place start to build condos & apartments
happening due to changes in technology and economy
urban land use
Residential
40%
where people live
Transportation
32%
roads, airports etc.
Institution & Public Building
10%
government owed / tex funded
school, hospital,etc.
Open Space & Recreational
7%
aside from utilities
parks
Industrial
6%
zoning laws prevent industrial land use near residential
distribution of Amazon
Commercial
5%
shops, retails, etc.
Mixed Vs. Single
Mixed land use
combine diffrent land uses in a specific areas
ex. 20-minutes neighbors, residential + commercial + open space & recreational
Single land use
Urban Sprawl/Expansion
Rapid expansion of cities and towns to rural areas(farmland & Forested areas)
Effects
Low density housing
increased reliance on private automobile
Single use zoning
Positive impacts
more affordable & larger housing
Economy: job opportunities
reduce urban gestion
Negative impacts
Environment
Social inequalities: access to resources
pressure on natural resoruce and local ecosystems
Urban Hierarchy
categorize settlements in population size
different hierarchy
hamlet
fewer than 200 people
village
200 up to 1000
town
1001 to 10,000
city
greater than 10,000
Census Metropolitan Areas(CMA)
greater than 100,000
All city grow from small hamlet to large cities
when decreasing population, there is less services
Census agglomeration(CA)
core(population center) must at least 10,000
Retired when core population fells below 10,000
When CA has core with population at least 50,000, it subdivide into census tracts
small core with less than 10,000 population is called fringe
Census Metropolitan Area(CMA)
core(population center) with at least 50,000
at least total population of 100,000
CMA remain CMA even population decline
All CMAs are subdivide into census tracts
Goods/Services
High order goods/services(city / CMA)
require large threshold population
purchased infrequently
specilized hospital, univeristy, luxury
Middle order goods/services(town / city)
require medium threshold population
fewer customers buy goods/services at any time
resturants, gcorcery store
Low order goods/services(hamlet / village)
require fewer threshold population
small population but buy more frequently
convienent store, gas station
Smart Growth Principals
Factors
Mixed Land Use
Compact Building
build vertically
Housing Options
Walkable Community
Attractive Community
archietural beauty & distinctiveness
Preserve Green Space & Farm Land
Transportation
Cost Efficient
only private capital market can support the smart growth projects, if no one earns any thing, there will be fewer smart growth projects
Encourage Community Collaboration in Developmen desicions
Everyone should be involved
Strength & Diect Develop on Existing Community
opposite from urbanization & urban sprawl
focus on compact exsiting community while maintain sustainablity