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Osteomyelitis (Infection of the bone caused by microorganisms, most often…
Osteomyelitis (Infection of the bone caused by microorganisms, most often bacteria. It can be acute or chronic, and commonly results in pain, deformity, and disability)
Causes/Risk factors
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Infection spread from nearby tissues (e.g. skin ulcers, abscesses)
Direct entry into bone from: open fractures, surgery, gunshot or puncture wounds
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pathophysiology
Blood enters the bone from bloodstream, nearby infected tissue or direct trauma
once inside ethe bone, bacteria grow rapidly
They body reacts by sending immune cells, which leads to pus formation, edema and vascular congestion
The infection travels through the Haversian canals (the tiny tubes that supply nutrients and oxygen inside compact bone).This allows the infection to reach deep into the bone.
The periosteum is the protective outer layer of bone. Pus and swelling lift the periosteum away from the bone surface.
The bone is a hard, enclosed structure. As pus and fluid increase, internal pressure rises. This compresses blood vessels inside the bone even more.
With blood supply cut off, the bone doesn’t get enough oxygen (ischemia). Prolonged ischemia causes bone tissue to die (necrosis).
Bacteria can form a biofilm – a slimy protective layer that covers them. This makes them much harder for antibiotics and immune cells to destroy. The infection becomes chronic, recurring or lasting a long time.
S&S
Pain in bone, often abrupt in onset
Muscle spasm, limited range of motion
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Malaise, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Swelling, redness (erythema), warmth at site
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Diagnosis
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Bone scan, MRI – detect bone changes, abscesses
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Treatment
Antibiotics
Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin (IV or oral)
surgical treatment
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Amputation – in severe, non-healing infections
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