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UNIT 11 ABSOLUTISM AND THE HISPANIC DOMINANCE - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 11
ABSOLUTISM AND THE HISPANIC DOMINANCE
ABSOLUTISM: FRANCE UNDERED LOUIS XIV
ABSOLUTISM: FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV
Throughout the 17th century, the authoritarian monarchies of some kingdoms developed into absolute monarchies
The main proponents of absolutism
Thomas Hobbes
Jacques Bossuet
Hobbes believed that absolutism was the result of a social pact between subjects and a monarchy,
in order to guarantee peace and stability
ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES
growing centralisation of political and administrative decisions in the royal courts and the monarchy’s governmental bodies
a permanent army of professional soldiers, under the orders of the king
a royal treasury able to raise revenue
marginalisation of the courts and parliaments of the estates of the realm
an ideology defending the king’s supremacy over all others
The courts and parliaments of kingdoms, as representatives of their political communities
were sometimes resistant to the absolutist tendencies of the monarchs
This rivalry sometimes resulted in submitting to a pact
it led to confrontations. When a dispute ended favourably for the monarchy, it was considered a victory for absolutism
The most representative example of an absolute monarchy is Louis XIV of France
nobility, cities and provinces with their parliaments
king and his supporters on the other. The king’s side won.
Later, Louis XIV ordered the construction of a great Royal Palace of Versailles, on the outskirts of Paris
THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM IN ENGLAND
Unlike the French system, there were other territories where the monarch’s power was controlled by courts and parliaments.
In England, the Stuart dynasty tried to disassociate itself from Parliament
After the victory of the Parliamentarian army
Oliver Cromwell, Charles I was executed, and a republic was declared under Cromwell’s dictatorial leadership
James II became king and, again, tried to impose absolutism. This led to a new confrontation with the Parliament
resulting in the Glorious Revolution (1688)
James II was overthrown, and the Parliament chose Mary II and her husband, William III of Orange as the new monarchs.
They were selected on the condition that they would sign the Bill of Rights (1689)
limited the monarch’s power and recognised the rights of the individual
english constitutional monarchy
Monarch
appointed the goverment
submitted laws for approval
called parliament into session
directed foreing policy
was head of state
controlled the church of england
Parlament
approved new taxes
controlled government duties
aproved laws
submited complains to the monarch
controlled the monarch
CHANGES IN THE 17TH CENTURY
POPULATION
Poor harvests. In societies whose main economic activity was agriculture
Wars. Successive wars broke out, affecting almost the whole continent
There were large conflicts
Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648
English Civil War 1642–1651
Epidemics. Malnutrition caused by failed harvests and the effects of successive wars helped the plague to spread
Poor hygiene. Poor hygienic conditions and ineffective medical care also contributed to the spread of the plague
The little ice age
temperatures decrease by 2 grades
SOCIETY
Many revolts protested military conscription and the fiscal policy of the monarchies
As a result, these groups revolted against the privileged classes, for example in Naples
1647–1648
In rural areas, fiscal policy and oppression was caused by noblemen in feudal estates or by members of the middle class
the Cossack uprisings in Russia 1606–1607 and 1670
the rebellion in Austria 1626
the croquant rebellions in France 1635
During the 17th century, there were major international wars and severe economic problems,
These factors, as well as political conflicts that often led to civil wars, resulted in social unrest and a series of popular revolts.
Tax revolts often coincided with food riots, caused by the lack of food in cities during periods of poor harvests
such as the one in Palermo (1647).
ECONOMY
ATLANTIC TRIANGULAR TRADE
This trading system operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries
Chartered companies worked in and around the West Indies and the East Indies
Indonesia
Malaysia
India
Southeast Asia
As a result, a triangular flow of trade was established in the Atlantic.
THE FIGHT FOR EUROPEAN DOMINANCE
THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
n the 17th century, conflicts between the most important European monarchies continued as they tried to achieve dominance over the continent
There was a period of peace until 1618, when the Thirty Years’ War began
The conflict was between Catholics and Protestants
The first phase of the war ended with a Catholic victory at the Battle in 1620.
In 1621, the Twelve Years’ Truce between the Hispanic Monarchy and the Dutch Republic ended.
The Protestant kingdoms of Denmark 1625 and Sweden 1631 also became involved
In 1635, France intervened too, supporting the Protestants.
The Thirty Years’ War was no longer a religious conflict; it became a fight to make the Hispanic Monarchy recognise the Dutch Republic’s independence.
During this period of the war, the Hispanic armies began to win battles
such as the one in Corbie 1636, and began to threaten Paris.
Battle of the Downs in the English Channel 1639, and the Battle of Rocroi 1643
Eventually, the Peace of Westphalia was signed in 1648. This treaty brought about a series of major changes in Europe, the most important being:
the right to religious freedom in the Holy Roman Empire
a formal recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic.
a modification of the borders of the Holy Roman Empire,
France and the Hispanic Monarchy continued the war until 1659, when the Peace of the Pyrenees was signed.
Historians estimate that between one and two million people died, and that 40% of those were civilians.
HISPANIC KINGDOMS IN THE 17TH CENTURY
THE POLITICAL SITUATION
Hispanic 17th-century monarchs introduced a new way of governing by appointing validos. These were the king’s favourites
the Duke of Lerma under Felipe III (1598–1621)
the Count-Duke of Olivares under Felipe IV (1621–1665).
The Duke of Lerma achieved peace with England (1603) and a truce with the Dutch (1609).
He was later dismissed due to accusations of corruption and self-enrichment.
The Count-Duke of Olivares aimed to revive Spain's prestige and centralize power.
His policies also focused on the Counter-Reformation and maintaining European dominance.
THE REIGN OF FELIPE IV
THE CATALAN REVOLT
The Principality of Cataluña became independent, and then requested France’s help. The conflict ended in 1659
THE PORTUGUESE REVOLUTION
The Portuguese nobility took advantage of the Catalan Revolt to proclaim John IV of Portugal king in 1640.
SEPARATISTS CONSPIRACIES
Plots by the nobility to separate Andalucía and Aragón (1641) from Spain were uncovered.
TERRITORIES LOST BY THE HISPANIC MONARCHY
LOSSES IN AMERICA
In parallel with the conspiracies and revolts in Europe during the 17th century
Hispanic and Portuguese territories in America were lost to enemies of their monarchies.
Carlos II's reign saw economic recovery in Aragón and the Cantabrian coast.
However, Castilla's economic failure was devastating for the monarchy.
Carlos II had
validos
, similar to prime ministers, assisting in rule.
The lack of an heir led to a succession crisis.
Philip of Anjou was chosen as successor, triggering the War of the Spanish Succession.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION
THE EXPULSION OF THE MORISCOS
The expulsion was fueled by fear of Berber pirate alliances and upholding Catholic image.
Moriscos significantly contributed to agriculture in Valencia, Aragón, and Andalucía.
Felipe III implemented religious uniformity by expelling the moriscos (1609-1614).
Noblemen were compensated for the loss of morisco labor due to their expulsion.
The expulsion led to long-term population and agricultural decline in affected regions.
SOCIETY
Economic problems and various plague epidemics throughout the century, increased the number of disadvantaged people
Golden Age literature and art provide an excellent insight into the different social groups in Hispanic kingdoms.