Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Philosophy Final Exam Semester 2 - Coggle Diagram
Philosophy Final Exam Semester 2
Power
POWER AS SOCIAL RELATION
POLITICAL POWER
CONSISTS IN COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE CITIZENS WHO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE STATE WAS DELEGATED THE RIGHT TO LEGALLY COERCE PEOPLE FOR THE SAKE OF THE COMMON GOOD
SOCIAL POWER
POWER CAN BE CONCEIVED AS ONE’S CAPABILITY OF IMPACTING OTHER PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOUR AND THINKING.
Categories
Individual or group power
Power over people and power over nature
Power of the manager
invisible power
MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926-1984)
Sovereign power
Obedience to the law
disciplinary power' gradually took over from 'sovereign power'
Disciplinary power
a mechanism of power which regulates the behavior of individuals in the social body
with the aid of complex systems of surveillance
when he speaks of a 'disciplinary society' he does not mean a 'disciplined society'.
Power of norms and order
social norms are expressions of power
The disciplinary power is evident in the maintenance of socially acceptable order
Typical situations of disciplinary power are exams or hospital visitations
Power of surveillance
The Panopticon
a design for a prison produced by Jeremy Bentham in the late 18th century which grouped cells around a central viewing tower.
Foucault uses this as a metaphor for the operation of power and surveillance in contemporary society
Benefits
you never know when you were being watched, so you had to behave all the time
Instills self-discipline, and internalization of society’s rules and codes of behaviour.
Visible power
DOMINANCE AND SUBMISSION
master-slave or perpetrator-victim relation. The relation may be physical or psychological, or both.
An example might be domestic violence.
ASYMMETRY OF RELATIONS
Uniforms – police, doctors, students, judges’ togues;
Salutations – military salutation, bows, etc.;
Objects – crowns, armory, stethoscope;
Placement – throne, on a podium, behind a desk.
Power of language
Justice
Justice is the concept of a proper proportion between a person’s merits and the good and bad things that befall or are allotted to him or her
Etymology
fairness or righteousness
Plato
defined justice as obeying the will of the stronger
By the stronger, he meant those who are able to make and enforce laws in the ways that suit their ego
the decision of the stronger is just
Aristotle
the key element of justice is treating similar cases in a similar manner
Aristotle distinguishes between justice in the distribution of wealth or other goods (distributive justice) and justice in reparation, as, for example, in punishing someone for a wrong he has done (retributive justice)
JOHN RAWLS (1921-2002)
Justice as fairness
Rawls constructs justice as fairness around specific interpretations of the ideas that citizens are free and equal and that society should be fair
First Principle
Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
Second Principle
Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:
(a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle
(b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
ROBERT NOZIK
Three kinds of principles
Principles of acquisition
Principles of transfer
Principles of rectification
If the goods were acquired and transferred according to the first two principles, then the resulting distribution is just.
If they were not, then we have to ask whether the injustice was rectified according to the third principle. If so, then the resulting distribution is just; if not, then not.
Types of justice
Social justice
Social justice looks forward to the common good of all in the state
It refers to the organization of society in such a way that the common good to which all are expected to contribute in proportion to their ability and opportunity is available to all the members for their ready use and enjoyment.
Social justice is violated whenever a society is organized in such a way that it excludes or denies certain classes or groups within it from getting their fair share of the common good.
Commutative justice
interchanging of goods such as in contract
Commutative justice is realized by establishing a certain arithmetical equality between the values of things that people need
This justice is also a virtue that regulates the dealing of private individuals as moral persons, whereby the objective rightness is to be determined by the simple equality of whatever is exchanged and where no attention is to be paid to the possible inequality of persons involved
Law
there are social conflicts based on people’s various interests, desires and goals. Sometimes, one’s interests and goals clash with someone else’s.
The regulators are the order and law (rules). Having them, life is more safe and secure, more regular and predictable.
Right
Right/Law is a way of coordinating and protecting human freedom as far as it is externally implemented
The actual law system, present legislation – objective right
The ability of the person to manifest his freedom – subjective law (right of freedom, right of property)
Science of law – jurisprudence
Studying those three during the educational process
Sources
Tradition – accepted by the community rule, it is traditional and consists of wisdom of previous generations
Laws – acknowledged by the state rule with the authority of power
Moral and legal norms
Moral norms
Moral norms are general principles or imperatives
There are numerous ethical theories stating different concepts and thus the decision to follow a moral norm is subjective. The decision that an act is a moral one depends on the traditional customs, thinking, emotions, motives and conscience.
Legal norms
Legal norms are more particular and refer to how people act and to their external relations
law can only sanction the act but not the motive or the internal relations that caused the act in question. Legal norms become facts through the laws that imposed them on us
laws prescribe not only obligations but also rights to people.
Natural and positive law
Rule of law
State
The state is a political entity or organization with sovereignty over a defined territory and population. It has the authority to enforce laws and maintain order.
Purpose
To provide security, order, and justice, and to protect individual rights and property.
Social contract theory
A foundational idea that the state originates from an implicit or explicit agreement among individuals to form a government for mutual benefit.
State of nature
A hypothetical condition before the establishment of the state, used by philosophers to explain why humans enter into social contracts.
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
State of Nature:
Characterized by "war of all against all" (bellum omnium contra omnes); life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Social Contract:
People surrender all their rights to a sovereign (Leviathan) to ensure peace and security.
Nature of the State:
An absolute sovereign with undivided power to prevent chaos and civil war.
Role of the State:
To maintain order and prevent return to the state of nature.
John Locke (1632–1704)
State of Nature:
More peaceful and reasonable than Hobbes’s view, but still insecure; natural rights to life, liberty, and property exist.
Social Contract:
People consent to form a government to protect their natural rights.
Nature of the State:
Limited government with separation of powers.
Right to Revolution:
Citizens have the right to overthrow a government that fails to protect their rights.
Influence:
Foundation for liberal democracy and modern constitutional government.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
State of Nature:
Humans are naturally good but corrupted by society and private property.
Social Contract:
People collectively agree to form a "general will" that represents the common good.
Nature of the State:
Sovereignty resides with the people as a collective body; direct democracy preferred.
Freedom:
True freedom is obedience to laws one prescribes for oneself in accordance with the general will.
Critique of Inequality:
Unequal distribution of property leads to social conflict.
