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Psychology, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1 year)
      - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
      - Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years)
      - Industry vs Inferiority (7-11 years)
      - Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years)
      - Intimacy vs Isolation (20s-40s)
      - Generativity vs Stagnation (40s-60s)
      - Integrity vs Despair (mid 60s-end of life)
  - - - Accomodation
      - Assimilation
    - - Sensorimotor (0-2)
        
        Stranger Anxiety
      - Preoperational (2-6)
        
        Egocentrism
      - Concrete Operational (7-11)
      - Formal Operational (12-)
        
        Abstract Thinking
  - - - Stages of Moral Reasoning
        
        Preconventional
        
        Conventional
        
        Post-Conventional
  - - - Infancy through Childhood
        
        Adolescense
        
        Emerging Adulthood
        
        Taking longer in the western world
        
        Adulthood
        
        Death and Dying
        
        Hospice
        
        Elizabeth Kublen-Ross
        
        1 more item...
        
        Late Adulthood (60s-)
        
        Brain no longer at optimal functioning
        
        Exercise (mental and physical) fights decline
        
        Middle Age (40s-60s)
        
        Menopause for women (50s)
        
        Early adulthood (20s-40s)
        
        Puberty
        
        Adrenarche
        
        Gonadarche
        
        Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics
        
        John Bowlby -- Attachment Theory
        
        Meets child's needs
        
        Mutually enjoyable interactions
        
        Mary Ainsworth (strange situation procedure)
        
        secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized
        
        theory-of-mind (TOM)
        
        Self Concept
        
        Diana Baumrind
        
        Parenting Styles
        
        Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved
      - Germinal
      - Embryonic
      - Fetal
      - Teratogens
        
        Alcohol
        
        leading preventable cause of intellectual disability
        
        Causes facial feature abnormalities, head size abnormalities, cognitive issues, alcohol addiction
        
        Drugs and prescription medications
        
        Nicotine
        
        Causes low oxygen
        
        HIV or other transmittable diseases
        
        Radiation
- - - - Social Psychology
        
        Attribution
        
        Situationism
        
        External Factors
        
        Dispositionism
        
        Internal Factors
        
        Fundamental Attribution Error
        
        Individualistic Cultures
        
        1 more item...
        
        Just-world hypothesis
        
        Halo Effect
        
        Actor-Observer Bias
        
        Model of Attribution
        
        Locus of Control (internal vs external)
        
        Locus of Stability
        
        Locus of Controlability
        
        Self-serving Bias
        
        Attitudes
        
        Persusaion
        
        Features of a Successful Persuasion
        
        Sublety
        
        Both sides being presented
        
        Timing
        
        Audience
        
        Attention
        
        Intelligence
        
        Age
        
        Central vs Peripheral Route
        
        Cognitive Dissonance
        
        Justification of Effort
        
        Difficulty of Initiation
        
        Social Roles
        
        Scripts
        
        Social Norms
        
        Stanford Prison Experiment
        
        Influence
        
        Conformity
        
        Asch Effect
        
        Only one dissenter drops conformity rates to zero
        
        Compliance
        
        Normative vs Informational
        
        Obedience (Authority)
        
        Groupthink and Group Polarization
        
        1984 by George Orwell
        
        Reasons for violence becoming acceptable
        
        No accountability
        
        No self-evaluation
        
        De-individuation of victims
        
        Groupthink
        
        Prejudice
        
        Discrimination
        
        Imagining a positive interaction helps
        
        a practical benefit of fiction
        
        Examples
        
        Racism
        
        Sexism
        
        Ageism
        
        Weightism
        
        Stereotype
      - Aggression
        
        Hostile
        
        Instrumental
        
        Bystander Effect
        
        Diffusion of Responsibility
    - - parts of emotion
        
        Subjective Experience
        
        Cognitive Appraisal
        
        Expression
        
        Facial Expression
        
        Cultural Display Rule
        
        Autism (connected to a lack of ability to discern expression)
        
        Universal
        
        Physiological Response
      - Theories of Fear
        
        James-Lange Theory
        
        Arousal, physiological, emotion
        
        Cannon-Bard Theory
        
        Arousal, both physiological and emotion
        
        Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
        
        Arousal, both physiological and cognitive label, emotion
        
        Lazarus' Cognitive-mediational Theory
        
        Arousal, appraisal, emotion and physiological
  - - - Instinct
        
        Drive Theory
        
        Physiological need
        
        Drive state
        
        Eating
        
        Satiation (leptin)
        
        Metabolic rate
        
        Set-point theory
        
        Eating/body weight related issues
        
        Obesity
        
        40% of adults in America
        
        Classified as a BMI of 30 or higher
        
        Eating disorders
        
        Bulimia nervosa
        
        Anorexia nervosa
        
        Influenced by thin ideal in fashion+media
        
        Binge eating
        
        Sexual behavior
        
        Gender dysphoria
      - Reflex
    - - Learning Disabilities
        
        Not correlated to intelligence level
        
        Dyscalculia
        
        Dyslexia
        
        Dysgraphia
      - Associative Learning
        
        Observational Learning
        
        Attention - Retention - Reproduction
        
        Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
        
        Consumed media can have an impact on behavior, even entertainment
        
        Patterns of abuse through generations
        
        The importance of a church/Christ following community
        
        Mirror Neurons
        
        Development of Phobia
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        Reinforcement
        
        Reinforcement Schedules
        
        Variable Ratio
        
        Gambling
        
        4 more items...
        
        Variable Interval
        
        Social Media
        
        Fixed Ratio
        
        Fixed Interval
        
        Primary Reinforcement
        
        Secondary Reinforcement
        
        Money
        
        Having extra time
        
        Vanilla Latte
        
        Entertainment
        
        Rest
        
        Shaping (steps towards desired behavior)
        
        The law of effect (Edward Thorndike)
        
        Operant conditioning is relegated to existing behaviors (B. F. Skinner)
        
        Behavior to Consequence
        
        Positive (adding) and Negative (taking away) Reinforcement (encouraging) and Punishment (discouraging)
        
        Physical punishment can be harmful
        
        Rewards for learning/obedience are not necessarily "spoiling" children
        
        OCD
        
        Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)
        
        Behaviorism (John B. Watson)
        
        All behavior is directly related to outward stimulus (disregarding inward processes)
        
        Probability of Association (Rescorla-Wagner Model)
        
        Acquisition
        
        Brief Time Interval
        
        Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization
        
        Extinction
        
        Spontaneous recovery
        
        Example: Taste Aversion
        
        Ivan Pavlov
        
        Development of Phobia
        
        Rachman
        
        OCD
        
        Counter-conditioning (see Behavior Therapy branch)
    - - Intrinsic
      - Extrinsic
        
        Over-justification effect
      - Tangible vs intangible rewards
      - Arousal
        
        Yerkes-Dodson law
        
        boredom to optimal level to high anxiety
      - Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
        
        physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization
    - - Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
  - - - Four fluids ("humors") of the body
      - Galen
        
        Four temperaments
        
        Kant
        
        Wundt
        
        Two major axes
        
        Emotional/nonemotional
        
        Changeable/unchangeable
    - - Talk therapy
      - psycho-sexual development
      - the conscious and unconscious mind
        
        ego (balances)
        
        superego (socialized control)
        
        id (desires)
      - Ego defense mechanisms
      - Neo-Freudians
        
        Alfred Adler
        
        inferiority complex
        
        Carl Jung
        
        Analytical Psychology
        
        collective unconscious
        
        archetypes
        
        Extroversion vs Introversion
        
        Persona
        
        Karen Horney
        
        Coping Styles
        
        Toward, against, away
        
        Erik Erikson
  - - - Reciprocal Determinism
      - Observational Learning
    - - self-efficacy
      - internal or external locus of control
    - - self-regulation
    - - Maslow
        
        Self-concept
        
        Ideal self vs Real self
        
        need congruency
      - Growth potential
    - - Gordon Allport
        
        Raymond Cattell
        
        Personality Assessment (16PF)
      - Five Factor Model "Big Five"
        
        OCEAN
      - HEXACO Model
- - - - Causes distress
    - - Caused by dysfunctions in either biological or (and) psychological processes
  - - - Over half of the population would qualify for a psychological disorder at some point in there life
        
        Are natural human conditions overly diagnosed as mental illness?
    - - Diasthesis-Stress Model
  - - - Phobia
        
        Develops through classical conditioning, spoken word, or modeling
      - Social Anxiety Disorder
        
        Safety Behaviors
        
        Self-medication (alcohol)
      - Panic Disorder
      - Generalized Anxiety Disorder
    - - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
      - Body dysmorphic disorder
      - Hoarding disorder
    - - The only disorder where the cause is specifically stated
      - Social support following a traumatic event lessens symptoms
    - - Depressive Disorders
        
        Major depressive disorder
        
        Suicidal Ideation
        
        Abnormal activity in areas of the brain such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
        
        Cognitive Theories of Depression
        
        Hopelessness theory
        
        Stable and global vs unstable and specific
        
        Rumination
      - Bipolar and related disorders
        
        Mania
      - Strong biological basis
    - - Dopamine hypothesis
      - Enlarged ventricles and reduction in gray matter in frontal lobes
      - Co-morbidity with marijuana
      - Linked to events such as stress or influenza during pregnancy
      - Extremely similar to a demon possession
    - - Depersonalization/derealizing Disorder
      - Dissociative Amnesia
      - Dissociative Identity Disorder
    - - May be over-diagnosed (especially given technology decreasing attention span)
    - - A: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
      - B: antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline
      - C: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
      - Antisocial people lack a moral compass
        
        biological symptoms such as less skin conductance
  - - - Psychotherapy
        
        Psychoanalysis
        
        our man Sigmund Freud
        
        free association and dream analysis
        
        theory of transference
        
        Play therapy
        
        Behavior therapy
        
        Aversion therapy
        
        Exposure therapy (Mary Cover Jones)
        
        Systematic desensitization (Jospeh Wolpe)
        
        Virtual reality exposure therapy
        
        Cognitive Therapy
        
        Aaron Beck
        
        Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
        
        Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) (Albert Ellis)
        
        ABC model (Action, Belief, Consequences)
        
        Internalizing causes vs externalizing causes
        
        Humanistic/Rogerian/Client Centered therapy (Carl Rogers)
        
        Nondirective
        
        Active listening
    - - Biomedical therapy
        
        Psychotropic medications
    - - Asylums
      - Drilling holes into skulls to release spirits (often causing death)
      - Ostracizing
      - Reforms made by Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix
      - Electroshock treament
      - Anti-psychotic medications introduced in 1954
      - Deinstitutionalization
    - - repeated use associated with memory loss
      - recent alternative is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
    - - Intake (assessment)
      - Confidentiality
      - Treatment plan formed
        
        With specific measurable objectives
- - - - Neuron Cells
        
        Soma (Cell body)
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        Dendrite
        
        Axon
        
        Terminal Buttons
        
        Neurotransmitters
        
        Receptors
        
        Myelin Sheath
        
        Loss of Myelin Sheath: MS Autoimmune Disorder
      - Glial Cells
      - Drugs
        
        Agonists
        
        Antagonists
        
        Reuptake Inhibitors
      - Mirror Neurons
    - - Somatic
      - Autonomic
        
        Sympathetic
        
        Parasympathetic
  - - - Lobes
        
        Occipital
        
        Primary Visual Cortex
        
        Temporal
        
        Auditory Cortex
        
        Wernicke's Area
        
        Frontal
        
        Motor Cortex
        
        Prefrontal Cortex
        
        Semantic
        
        Neural structures can be permanently altered by substance abuse
        
        Affecting decision making/judgement
        
        This explains the high occurrence of relapse
        
        Broca's Area
        
        Parietal
        
        Somatosensory Cortex
    - - Longititudinal Fissure
    - - Areas of Forebrain
        
        Limbic System
        
        Hippocampus
        
        Declarative Memory
        
        Recognition
        
        Hippothalamus
        
        Regulation of eating
        
        Sexual ability
        
        Thalamus
        
        Amygdala
        
        Sexual motivation
        
        Basolateral Complex
        
        Emotional value
        
        Sensory Areas
        
        Classical conditioning
        
        Central nucleus
        
        Attention
        
        Psychological disorders of mood or anxiety
        
        Frontal Lobe
        
        Orbitofrontal cortex
        
        serotonin, dopamine, glutamine
        
        OCD
      - Areas of Midbrain
        
        Reticular Formation
        
        Substantia Nigra
        
        Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
      - Areas of Hindbrain
        
        Brain Stem Structures
        
        Pons
        
        Medulla
        
        Cerebellum
        
        Procedural
        
        Regulation of eating
        
        Locus coeruleus
        
        Norepinephrine
        
        Fight or flight response
        
        Panic disorder
    - - Neuroconstructivism
      - Brain growth continues through the 20s
      - Mental decline begins in the 60s
  - - - Concepts
        
        Natural Concepts
        
        Artificial Concepts
        
        Prototype (example, representation)
        
        What shapes our concept of God?
        
        Schema (connected concepts)
        
        Role Schema (judgements of people)
        
        Event Schema (cognitive script, routine)
        
        The phone schema
      - Emotions
      - Memory
      - Stimuli
    - - Grammar
        
        Rules to convey meaning of lexicon
      - Humans have a biological predisposition to learn language
      - Language acquisition begins in the womb
      - Lexicon
        
        Vocabulary
      - Semantics
        
        Deriving meaning
    - - Trial and Error
      - Algorithm
      - Heuristic
        
        Working Backwards
        
        Breaking into Steps
      - Mental Set
        
        Functional Fixedness
        
        Anchoring Bias
        
        Confirmation Bias
        
        Self-fulfilling Prophecy
        
        Hindsight Bias
        
        Representative Bias
        
        Availability Bias
    - - Classifications of Intelligence
        
        Aristotle
        
        Spearman
        
        Intelligence is generalized and can be measured
        
        Cattell
        
        Crystallized Intelligence (knowledge)
        
        Fluid Intelligence (problem solving)
        
        Robert Sternberg
        
        Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
        
        Practical
        
        Creative
        
        Analytical
        
        Multiple Intelligence Theory
        
        Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities
      - Intelligence Quotient (IQ test)
    - - Divergent Thinking
        
        "outside the box"
  - - - Storage
        
        Retrieval
        
        Recall, Recognition, Relearning
      - Meaning is important
      - Types of encoding
        
        Semantic
        
        Visual
        
        Acoustic
      - Self-reference effect
    - - Input
        
        Sensory Memory
        
        Short Term Memory
        
        Long Term Memory
        
        Implicit
        
        Explicit (able to articulate)
        
        Rehearsal moves memories from STM to LTM
    - - Amnesia (LTM)
      - Reconstuction
      - False Memory Syndrome
      - Forgetting, Distortion, Intrustion (Daniel Schacter)
- - - - Jesus' Parables
        
        Sowing Seeds
        
        the Kingdom of Heaven
      - Absolute Threshold
      - Difference Threshold
      - Gestalt Psychology
        
        Figure-ground Relationship
        
        Proximity
        
        Similarity
        
        Continuity and Closure
    - - Sight
        
        Structure of the Eye
        
        Pupil
        
        Cornea
        
        Iris
        
        Lens
        
        Retina
        
        Photo-receptor Cells
        
        Cones
        
        Rods
        
        Fovea
        
        Optic Nerve
        
        Depth Perception
        
        Monocular Cues
        
        Binocular Cues
        
        Color Vision
        
        Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
        
        Opponent Process Theory
        
        Visible Spectrum: 380-740 nm
      - Sound
        
        Pitch Perception
        
        Sound Localization
        
        Hearing Impairments
        
        Congenital Deafness
        
        Conductive Hearing Loss
        
        Sensorineural Hearing Loss
        
        Meniere's Disease
        
        Tinnitus
        
        Vertigo
        
        Hearing Loss
        
        Audible Spectrum: 20-20000 hZ
        
        Structure of Ear
        
        Outer ear
        
        Pinna
        
        Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane)
        
        Middle Ear
        
        Ossicles
        
        Malleus
        
        Incus
        
        Stages
        
        Inner Ear
        
        Oval Window
        
        Cochlea
        
        Basilar Membrane
        
        Hair Cells
        
        Structure for Balance
        
        Semicircular Canal
      - Touch
        
        Temperature Perception
        
        Pain Perception
      - Vestibular Sense
        
        Body Posture
        
        Balance
        
        Proprioception
        
        Kinestheisa
      - Chemical Senses
        
        Gustation (Taste)
        
        Olfaction (Smell)
  - - - Pituitary Gland
      - Thyroid Gland
      - Adrenal Gland
      - Pancreas
        
        Insulin
        
        Diabetes
        
        Glucagon
      - Gonads
        
        Ovaries (female)
        
        Testes (male)
  - - - Stage 1: Transition
        
        Stage 2 and 3: Deep Sleep
        
        REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
        
        Dreams
    - - Jet Lag
      - Insomnia
      - Sleep Debt
      - Sleep Apnea
      - SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
- - - - Eysenck
        
        two personality dimensions