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TOPIC 3 1968-83 - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 3 1968-83
SANCTIONS
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WESTERN OPPOSITION
Many countries thought that Apartheid could be good if it was reformed, but thought that sanctions (and isolation) would prevent any reform - sanctions would also hurt the African people
ARMS EMBARGO
UN called for voluntary arms embargo in 1963 but became mandatory in 1977 after Soweto
1971 - Commonwealth Conference saw British arms embargo was fiercer
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
Had limited economic impact, but did increase hostility and isolation (because other Southern African countries were reliant on SA, which boosted their economy)
Israel got around it
US SANCTIONS
Congress overrode Reagan's veto of sanctions
50 companies withdrew from SA in 1986
US banks withdrew - $10 million short-term loans were refused - Financial crisis, which led to beginning of Negotiations
SPORTING BOYCOTT
Olympics - Suspended 1964, excluded 1970
Gleneagles Agreement 1977 that no new members would compete against SA
New Zealand faced criticism when they invited South Africa on a rugby tour 1981
BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
GOV REACTION AT FIRST
Originally, the gov supported because it felt that black consciousness perpetuated separate development
Turned against because:
1972 - organised strikes in Universities against inferior facilities
1974 - Celebrated the overthrowing of Portuguese rule in Mozambique and Angola
1973 - Banning order placed on Biko
1975 - SASO banned
MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN Reduced gov spending meant that there was overcrowding (up to 70 in a class in Soweto)
Schools lacked resources
1976 - Tuernicht ordered for teaching to be done in Afrikaans
School students increasingly angry
SOWETO
Gov cut subsides to corn and maize meant that the economic decline was felt stronger
SASM organised uprising
June 1976 - demonstrations against teaching in Afrikaans - thousands participated and it spread to Transvaal, Natal and the Cape
Other factors:
Overcrowding - 20 people sharing 4 bedroomed accommodation
Poor conditions
Children went on strike, schools burnt down across South Africa
Gov surprised by strength - shot at crowds of students (killing 20)
575 students killed in total
World shocked at pictures of student Hector Peterson's dead body after police brutality
Minister of justice blamed the protesters for the unrest and violence
Banning orders, imprisonment and suppression of 18 groups
The protests were not led by one group, they were spontaneous and often local but with great force - dangerous
Many young people joined armed groups and prepared for guerrilla warfare - 4000 fled
Between 1974-9 almost 800 Africans were killed by police, with a further 2000 injured
DEATH OF STEVE BIKO
Arrested 1974 for breaking his 1973 banning order- attended rallies in support of Angola and Mozambique
Used his trial as defence witness for SASO ban 1975 - used it to attract wide publicity
Died in police custody September 1977
Police stated he died of hunger strike
Accused of attacking a police officer during interrogation and falling against a wall in a struggle - 700 mile journey worsened his brain damage which led to his death
10,000 attended his funeral
ANC recorded 14 deaths of police brutality 1977 alone
UN and USA protest over his death
Movie 'Cry Freedom' released 1987
Donald Woods released photographs of his brutalised body
SOUTHERN AFRICA
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MOZAMBIQUE Marxist group took power, SA supported opposition groups to this regime
Offered to stop this support, if Mozambique closed ANC bases
ANGOLA
Civil War followed independence
USA supported UNITA (political party) and eventually 2000 SA troops became involved in Operation Susannah (to support UNITA)
Eventually, USA support reduced and SA withdrew after defeat
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TAMBO
Escaped in 1960 to Tanzania, became the international face of the ANC
STRATEGY
Military conflict with mass political organisation
GUERILLA WARFARE Infiltrate guerilla fighters into SA from early70s
Friendly neighbouring countries could be used as a springboard
ANC was never strong enough militarily to threaten Apartheid, but the conflict could weaken it when combined with other factors - led to military commitment which drained the economy
MK ATTACKS
Sabotage of railways and industrial plants
Attacks on government offices and assassinations
Tied in with local concerns eg police station in Soekmekaar when locals were frustrated with forced removal
Their strength was in their persistence rather than large scale attacks
ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT
Rallies and public events to show oppositon
Gov often reluctant to offend SA and weary of ANC and communism
India maintained close connections to ANC and Sweden provided aid
AAM in Britiain in the 1960s led to boycotts and sanctions with support from Holland and Canada
USA Congress imposed sanctions in Oct 1986 despite Reagan's veto
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT Tambo saw need to build international support and counter accusations of Communism
Met regularly with influential figures and assure that they supported Capitalism eg USA officials in Reagan's term
UNGOVERNABLE
Challenge was to keep ANC unified while appealing to foreign support and reassuring white people that black people were not scary
Jan 1985 in Botha's state of Emergency, he advocated making the country ungovernable through military and non-cooperation
Oct 1985 - gave evidence to British HoC which led to people being sent to SA to investigate Apartheid - report was critical and supported sanctions
NP DIFFICULTIES
MULDERGATE
Large sums of money siphoned off for propaganda purposes
English Newspaper 'The Citizen' to support Apartheid
USA and UK to promote Apartheid
For own use
IMPACT
Forster had to become PM again, which meant that Botha could become PM in Seotember
Mulder formed the Conservative party which was opposition to Botha (led by Truernicht)
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ECONOMIC PRESSURES
1973 Oil Crisis OPEC emerge on SA price of oil had already risen by 300%
Standard of living - GDP did not rise in line with inflation - white standards of living fell
Defence - SADF had doubled in size from 1960
1977 - Defence peaked at 5% of GDP
ANC
DECLINE EARLY 1970s
Seemed relics of a previous age
People arrested who met Mandela in prison were originally distrusting of his Integrationist policies
ANC had not had military uprising since Wankie
Seemed that rebellion had moved to other people's responsibility
Former leaders in prison and organisation in exile
RE-STRENGTHENING
Under Tambo, he prepped for a new phase of struggle
Co-ordinate:
Growing number of exiles
Activities of MK
Raise funds
Set up ANC offices globally
ANC headquarters set up in London and maintained forward bases in friendly African countries to launch raids into SA
VISIT TO VIETNAM
1978 ANC leaders visit Vietnam to study its victory over the USA
- Changed tactics from rural areas to guerrilla warfare in urban areas (publicity)
Both military (armed attacks) and political (mass organisation)
Needed to win international legitimacy to be the official opposition group against Apartheid - not a terrorist group, but a government in exile
EXTERNAL LEGITIMACY 1963 - Organisation of African Unity set up to encourage newly independent countries to support each other
Its Liberation Committee set up camps for ANC recruits and provide military training
Difficulties:
Many of the newly Independent countries supported SA because they were reliant eg Zambia which relied on ports and connections for copper (95% of income)
Many countries did not support the ANC pro-communist stance especially considering the Cold War
LIBERALISM
Amongst the young Growth of the Progressive Party from 1 to 7 MPs in 1974 election - advocated fro federal system in non-racist SA
Renamed Progressive Federalist Party when United Party collapsed and became official opposition to NP - BUT only 34 seats in comparison to NP 134
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
Forster advocated giving Indian and Coloured people their own parliaments
Aim was to isolate black people further by bringing limited power sharing with other groups
Too much for the hardliners who opposed
Success in 1977 election emboldened the gov to attempt limited constitutional reform
Muldergate scandal halted the progress
1981 Separate President's Council of white, Indian and coloured people to advise the gov
PROBLEMS IN BANTUSTANS
4 had been granted independence by 1981 but none were recognised internationally
All dependent on SA for subsidies eg Transkei received 85% of income directly from SA
Could not support their official populations
1986 250,000 arrested for pass offences - could not live in the Homelands
Technological change meant that unskilled labour was not needed - more people being deported for their crimes
Bantustan leaders were unpopular and seen as collaborators
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