Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
NEONATOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
NEONATOLOGY
- Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN):
Caused by Vitamin K deficiency, due to low stores, sterile gut, and low levels in breast milk.
Presents typically between day 2–7 with bleeding from the umbilicus, injection sites, etc.
-
Treatment: Vitamin K, FFP, and blood transfusion if severe.
-
Physiological jaundice is common and benign, appears on day 2–3, peaks at day 5, resolves by day 14.
Pathological jaundice appears early, rises rapidly, or persists beyond 2 weeks.
Types: Unconjugated, conjugated, or mixed hyperbilirubinemia.
Causes: Hemolytic disease, liver immaturity, infections, metabolic disorders.
- Definition and Classification of Neonates:
The neonatal period covers the first 4 weeks of life, while the perinatal period spans from the 20th week of gestation to the 28th day after birth.
-
Neonates are also classified by weight: LBW ≤ 2500g, VLBW ≤ 1500g, and by gestational age percentile: SGA (<10th %ile), AGA (10th–90th %ile), LGA (>90th %ile).
-
Acquired antenatally (e.g. TORCH infections), natally (during birth), or postnatally (from environment).
Include minor (thrush, dermatitis) and major infections (sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia).
-
- Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice:
Includes phototherapy, exchange transfusion, and phenobarbital for enzyme induction.
-
Criteria depend on age, weight, and bilirubin level.
- Perinatal Asphyxia and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE):
-
Affects multiple organs; blood flow prioritized to brain, heart, adrenals.
Common sequelae include renal, neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory dysfunction.
-
In the delivery room: Assign Apgar score, prevent heat loss, clamp cord, ID bracelet, initial clinical exam.
In the nursery: Record anthropometrics, give Vitamin K (1 mg IM), apply umbilical and eye care, start early breastfeeding, and screen for congenital diseases.
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) from Blood Group Incompatibility:
-
Maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs, causing anemia and jaundice.
- Infant of Diabetic Mother (IDM):
Risks include hypoglycemia, macrosomia, birth injuries, polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia, HMD, and congenital anomalies.
-
- Breast Milk-Related Jaundice:
-
Breast milk jaundice: starts after day 7, due to inhibitory substances in milk; managed by temporary cessation of breastfeeding or frequent feeds.