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2nd Year Geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Definition: The short-term conditions of the atmosphere.
      - Includes: Temperature, wind, rainfall, humidity, sunshine, and pressure.
      - Changes daily and varies by location
    - - Temprature
        
        Instrument: Thermometer
        Unit: Degrees Celsius (°C)
        
        How a thermometer works
        
        A thermometer measures temperature (how hot or cold the air is).
        
        It usually has liquid (like mercury or alcohol) in a glass tube.
        
        When it’s hot, the liquid expands and rises.
        
        When it’s cold, the liquid contracts and falls.
        
        The scale on the side shows the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
        
        "Hot air makes it rise, cold air makes it fall''
      - percipiataion
        
        Instrument: Rain Gauge
        Unit: Millimetres (mm)
        
        how a rain guage works
        
        A rain gauge measures the amount of rainfall.
        
        It’s a cylinder or container left outside in an open area.
        
        Rain falls into it and is collected in a measuring tube.
        
        The amount of rain is measured in millimetres (mm).
        
        It shows how much rain has fallen over a period (e.g. 24 hours).
        
        "Rain falls in the gauge, measured in mm on the page!"
        
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      - air pressure
        
        Instrument: Barometer
        
        How a barometer works:
        
        A barometer measures air pressure.
        
        When air pressure is high, it presses down more and the reading goes up.
        
        When air pressure is low, there’s less force and the reading goes down.
        
        This helps to predict weather:
        
        High pressure = dry, calm weather
        
        Low pressure = wet, stormy weather
        
        "High pressure, high reading, happy weather. Low pressure, low reading, lousy weather!"
        
        Unit: Millibars (mb)
        
        High pressure = dry, calm
        
        Low pressure = wet, stormy
  - - - Data collection:
        
        From: Satellites, weather stations, ships, aircraft, radar, balloons
      - Analaysis
        
        Computers model patterns
        Meteorologists interpret and predict
      - Communication
        
        TV, radio, apps, websites (e.g., Met Éireann)
      - Types of forecasts
        
        Short-term: 1–3 days
        
        Medium-term: Up to 7 days
        
        Long-term: Seasonal patterns (e.g. winter outlook)
      - importance
        
        Helps farmers, transport services, builders, event organisers, schools, and tourists plan ahead.
  - - - Storms/Windstorms: Gale force winds, possible damage
      - Floods: Heavy rain, river overflow
      - Snowstorms/Blizzards: Disrupt travel and power
      - Heatwaves: Extended hot weather
      - Droughts: Little to no rain for weeks
      - Thunderstorms: Lightning, hail, short bursts of heavy rain
    - - Met Éireann Weather Alerts:
      - Yellow = Be aware
      - Orange = Be prepared
      - Red = Take action
      - Schools and emergency services rely on accurate, timely forecasts.
  - - - "Moist air climbs, cools, and cries."
      - Climbs = air rises over mountains
      - Cools = gets colder higher up
      - Cries = rain falls
    - - "Sun heats, air lifts, rain drips."
      - Sun heats = ground warms up
      - Air lifts = warm air rises
      - Rain drips = clouds form and rain falls
    - - "Warm meets cold, rises, and unfolds."
      - Warm meets cold = two air masses meet
      - Rises = warm air goes up
      - Unfolds = clouds open and it rains
  - - - Cumulus – Fluffy, white, and look like cotton.
      - Usually mean good weather.
      - 💭 Think: "C for cotton candy clouds."
    - - Stratus – Flat, grey, and spread out across the sky.
      - Bring drizzle or light rain.
      - ☁️ Think: "S for a sheet in the sky."
    - - Cirrus – Thin, wispy, and high up in the sky.
      - Mean fair weather, but a change might be coming.
      - 🍃 Think: "C for curls in the sky."
- - - - "Warm sea, rising air, spinning storm, beware!"
      - Warm sea = storm fuel
      - Rising air = forms clouds
      - Spinning storm = winds rotate
      - Beware = brings danger