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Climate: Topic 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - called natural viability
    - - higher concentration of light oxygen in the ocean
        
        Earths climate is higher
      - higher concentration of heavy oxygen in the ocean.
        
        earths climate is lower
  - - - temperature, which is the most important variable is used to determine if the boundaries of climate zones have changed
  - - - Orbit shape
        
        process: The Earth's orbit stretches from circular to an elliptical shape and back again
        
        cycle: 100,000 years
        
        impact on earth's atmosphere: When the Earth's orbit is elliptic, the earth will travel in a oval shape, and more radiation reaches Earth at the planet's closest approach to the farthest departure from the sun
      - Tilt
        
        process: The earth's axis vaies back and forth from 21.5 and 24.5
        
        cycle:41,000 years
        
        impact on earth's atmosphere
        
        When the tilt decreases, the hemispheres will lean away from the sun
        
        This leads to warmer winters, and cooler summers
        
        This enables the buildup of large ice sheets in higher latitudes, cooling the earh
    - - Higher sunspot activities is linked to higher amounts of solar radiation emitted from the sun
      - sunspots have lower temperatures, hence the area surrounding sunspots radiates more energy leading to more solar radiation emitted from the sun, resulting in higher temperature on the earth
      - Generally, periods of sunspot activity correspond to the periods of high annual surface temperatures on the earth
      - the numbers of sunspots rises and falls every eleven years
        
        However there were periods such as 2000 and 2008 when solar radiation decreased, but the Earth's temperature continued to increase, suggesting that human activities play a larger role in influencing the Earth's temperature
    - - A volcanic eruption releases large volumes of carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide, dust and ash in the atmosphere
        
        The sulfur-based particles, dust and ash into the atmosphere area of the earth
        
        These particles absorb and reflect solar energy back into space
        
        this temporarily offsets the greenhouse effect, lowering temperatures until these particles grow large enough and fall down to the earth
- - - - over the last 30 years, anthropogenic activites has produced 100 times more carbon dioxide than natural causes
        
        This led to a unprecedented rise in temperature globally
      - Anthropogenic causes
        
        Burning Fossil fuel
        
        changing land use
        
        These actions are fuelled by a growth in population and modern industrialisation
        
        increase in greenhouse gases (e.g: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) in our atmosphere
  - - - Incoming solar radiation travels to earth in the form of shortwave radiation and it is absorbed into the earth's surface, warming it
        
        the remaining radiation is absorbed or reflected by the clouds
        
        earth's surface emits longwave radiation
        
        greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit the longwave radiation which warms the earth
        
        more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere which absorbs and re-emit more longwave radiation which warms the earth quicker
- - - - Indirect impacts
        
        Climate change
        affects provisioning ecosystem services including food production.
        Affects regulating ecosystem services including disease regulation.
        Alter cultural ecosystem services including them melting of arctic ice and degradation of natural landscapes
      - Direct impacts
        
        Extreme weather events occur more often or with greater severity, causing loss of human lives, increased poverty, and destruction of properties.
        
        Extreme weather events:
        Heat waves
        Droughts
        Floods
        Tropical cyclones
        Wildfires
        
        Heat Waves
        A period of excessively hot weather that is abnormal, usually lasting for several days or longer.
        
        Wildfires
        Unplanned and uncontrolled fires that burn in natural areas such as forest or grasslands.
        
        Tropical cyclone
        Intense circular storms that originate over warm tropical oceans
    - - Places with different climate variables for examples temperature and precipitation respond differently to climate change
      - A developing country may take longer to recover due to a lack of financial resources, prolonging the economic losses as compared to a developed country
    - - Climate chance increases the severity and the frequency of extreme weather events of these different weather events which affect humans directly
        
        Heat waves
        Droughts
        Floods
        Wildfires
        Tropical cyclones
    - - Heat waves
        
        Climate change leads to higher temperatures, therefore making heat waves more intense and more frequent.
        
        Direct impacts
        
        People may suffer from heat stroke, difficulties in breathing and death.
      - Droughts
        
        Warmer atmospheric temperatures due to climate change increases evaporation, which reduces surface water and dries out soil and vegetation
        In areas with dry climate, the dry seasons therefore get even drier which results in droughts and are more likely to occur in places that are already experiencing dry climates
        
        Direct impacts
        
        Shortage of clean water can lead to dehydration and death,
        Can cause crop failure and people may die from hunger or malnourished
      - Wildfires
        
        Climate change causes warmer and drier conditions, leading to more dead trees and vegetation and making it easier for wildfires to start and harder to put out
        
        Direct impacts
        
        Suffocation, injuries and burns
        large amounts of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and fine particulate matter are released into the atmosphere, causing air pollution, leading respiratory illnesses and death
        Destruction of buildings and property leads to homelessness and economic losses.
      - Floods
        
        Climate change increases flood risk through warmer temperatures which leads to excessive precipitation in parts of the world.
        Warmer temperatures also lead to more snowmelt, leading to an increase in sea level
        Sea level rise leads to higher coastal flood risk
        
        Direct impacts
        
        Loss of human lives due to drowning and injuries.
        Destruction of buildings and properties by fast-moving floodwaters, leading to homelessness and economic losses.
        Waterborne diseases such as cholera become increasingly prevalent when floodwaters enter sources of drinking water such as wells.
      - Tropical cyclones
        
        Climate change leads to warmer oceans and more water vapour in the atmosphere, which is believed to be a driving force for more intense tropical cyclones
        
        Direct impacts
        
        Strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges brought by the tropical cyclones can result in loss of lives due to flooding ,landslides, and collapsed buildings and infrastructure
        Strong winds can also destroy buildings and crops, leading to economic losses, and threatening food security.
        This has an impact on fish production and agricultural yield.
    - - How does climate change affect Provisioning ecosystem services and how does that indirectly impact humans
        
        climate change causes physical changes to the environment, which affects provisioning ecosystem services. This affects the environment ability to provide resources for food production . which can impact people's economic livelihoods and food security.
      - How does climate change affect Regulating ecosystem services and how does that indirectly impact humans
        
        Increase in vector borne diseases
        Warmer temperature create more conductive environments for vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks to survive and breed
        When people are sick, it can lead to loss of lives and reduced economic productivity as people cannot work as well as increase in healthcare costs for the country
      - How does climate change affect regulating ecosystem services and how does that indirectly impact humans
        
        Climate change causes physical changes to the environment which alters cultural ecosystem services.
        This may reduce people's ability to improve their wellbeing through recreational activities and economic returns from tourisms opportunities.
        This has an impact on the melting of Arctic Ice and degradation of natural landscapes.
- - - - a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, causing it to become more acidic
        
        It is caused by absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
      - impact of climate change on aquatic ecosystems
        
        threats to coral reefs
        
        corals are highly fragile and vulnerable to coral bleaching
        
        increase in ocean temperature cause algae that live in coral to them, turning the coral white
        
        bleached corals are likely to die
        
        disruption of marine food webs
        
        as temperature of the oceans rise, the fishes would migrate towards cooler water
        
        without preys the predator have to adapt or go extinct
      - oceans are important carbon sinks due to the presence of phytoplanktons which absorb carbon dioxide as they photosynthesis
        
        The increase in carbon dioxide emssions led to the oceans absorbing excessive amounts of carbon dioxide
        
        this led to carbonic acids forming in the oceans, making the ocean acidic
    - - community of organism and their interactions in a given land area
    - - increase in atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures
        
        2.changes in ocean circulation
        3.changes in precipitation on land
        
        increase in atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures
        
        since the start of the industrial revolution, earth's atmospheric temperature has been increasing
        
        most of the heat trapped by the greenhouse gases is absorbed by oceans
        
        average temperature of oceans have been increasing. Over the last century, the sea surface have warmed up by slightly over 1 degree celcius
        
        However, this increase is uneven. Some parts of the oceans will warm faster and some parts of the ocean would be cooler
        
        changes to ocean circulation
        
        water in the oceans is constantly moving around
        
        the large scale movement of water is known as the global ocean circulation
        
        warm surface water moves from the equator to the poles due to winds.
        
        The water then cools, becomes denser then sinks
        
        1 more item...
        
        changes in precipitation on land
        
        climate change is strengthing existing precipitation patterns. In general
        
        wet regions are expected to get wetter due to increase precipation. Occurences of excessive rainfall are expected to increase
        
        dry regions are expected to get drier due to decreased preciptations. Occurences of drought are expected increase