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Antioxidants - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale; orange vegetables; red & orange fruits, fortified breakfast cereals and margarine
    - - Hypercarotenemia (orange/yellow skin caused by high intake), but it is not harmful
    - - Low intake can impair growth and development in children
      - Impair vision
    - - Immune protection, protects skin from UV, protects eyes from age-related degeneration
    - - Can be converted to retinol if body needs it
      - Neutralizes free radicals in lipids
  - - - Both its oxidized and reduced form are stable, making Vitamin C recyclable in the body, and limits losses of the reserve of antioxidants in the body
      - Keeps folate (a B vitamin) intact by preventing it from getting oxidized
      - Reduces formation of nitrosamines in stomach, which are potential carcinogenic substances
    - - Forms fibrous structural protein of the connective tissue collagen
      - Enhances iron absorption by keeping dietary iron in its reduced state
    - - Can cause rebound scurvy if high intake levels of vitamin C is decreased too quickly
      - Becomes a pro oxidant if too much vitamin C is ingested, as high levels can cause release of iron from storage protein and free iron can cause cellular damage
      - Too much can increase risk of kidney stones, as kidneys must concentrate urine more to get rid of excess vitamin C
    - - Leads to scurvy, where the person will experience weakness, painful joints, bleeding gums, loose teeth, failure to heal wounds, petechiae
      - Can cause widespread tissue breakdown
    - - Fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, berries and kiwis
  - - - Health of epithelial tissues in skin and lining within body
      - Important for vision
      - Needed for proper growth, development and reproduction
      - Needed for immune function & infection by helping produce immune cells
    - - Supplement use can cause teratogenic toxicity
      - Loss of hair, blurred vision, fatigue, headache, bone damage, enlarged liver
    - - Can lead to night blindness, xerophthalmia, poor growth, increased infection, reproductive issues and hyperkeratosis (rough skin)
    - - Liver, fish oil, egg yolk, fortified milk, butter, cheese
  - - - Found in mitochondrial and nuclear membranes to protect DNA from oxidizing damage and prevent DNA alteration which can increase risk for cancer
      - Found in cell membrane and is responsible for capturing oxygen-based free radicals that damages PUFAs present in the phospholipids
      - Found in lung cell membranes as there is constant exposure to oxygen there (high levels of reactive oxidizing species ROS generated)
    - - Reducing platelet aggregation by inhibiting protein kinase C and therefore protecting against heart disease
      - Needed for successful reproduction in both females and males
    - - Intake through food is safe and will not likely lead to toxicity
      - Supplement use may lead to toxicity, and can enhance the effects of anticoagulant medications which can lead to uncontrolled bleeding
    - - Hemolytic anemia, which is caused by loss of red blood cell integrity, leading to them being destroyed prematurely
      - Preterm infants are also at high risk because transfer of vitamin E from mother normally occurs during last few weeks of pregnancy
    - - Plant oils (corn, wheat germ, sunflower seed), nuts, seeds, whole grains, peanut butter, small amounts in yolk and liver
- - - - They are formed from normal metabolic processes, or are caused by environmental factors such as radiation exposure, pollution, UV light, smoke etc.
- - - - it is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzyme, which helps protect cell membranes
    - - Needed for converting thyroid hormones T4 into T3, as T3 has the greatest biological activity
    - - Keshan's disease which can lead to heart muscle disease and severe joint pain, and is usually caused by eating local foods grown on selenium-depleted soils
    - - Intake through food is generally safe
      - High levels of selenium caused by supplement use can lead to brittle nails, hair loos, neurological damage, fatigue, irritability
    - - Brazil nuts, animal meats (especially organ meats), fish, shellfish, eggs, milk, plant grains and seeds grown on selenium rich soil