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Universities' Role in Malaysian Knowledge City Formation, Knowledge…

- - - - Educational institutions and R&D activities (Yigitcanlar, O’Connor, et al., 2008; Elena, 2015)
    - - Knowledge workers, described as a creative class, are seen as engines of growth through their innovation and problem-solving skills (Yigitcanlar & Sarimin, 2011)
    - - emphasize a vibrant and diverse socio-cultural environment, quality built and natural environments, tolerance, multiculturalism, and a high quality of life (Hu et al., 2021; Elena, 2015; Yigitcanlar & Sarimin, 2011)
    - - city has elements that attract knowledge workers, including a high level of public service and the conservation/development of cultural, aesthetic, and ecological values (Elena, 2015; Yigitcanlar & Sarimin, 2011)
        
        Quality of life is a major factor in attracting talent and investment (Hu et al., 2021; Yigitcanlar & Bulu, 2016)
    - - Emphasizing vibrant activities, tolerance, acceptance of multiculturalism, and diversity to encourage creativity and facilitate the exchange of ideas (Hu et al., 2021; Elena, 2015; Yigitcanlar, O’Connor, et al., 2008)
    - - Providing cutting-edge technology and communication infrastructure to facilitate knowledge transfer and connectivity (Elena, 2015; Yigitcanlar, O’Connor, et al., 2008)
    - - Encouraging and facilitating the transfer and movement of knowledge (Elena, 2015)
    - - Minimizing social disparity and negative tensions to ensure a just socio-spatial order (Chang et al., 2018a, 2018b; Elena, 2015; Yigitcanlar, O’Connor, et al., 2008)
    - - Requiring a strong organizing capacity involving broad partnerships between public, private, academia, and the community to establish foundational elements (De Jong et al., 2015; Hu et al., 2021; Yigitcanlar et al., 2024)
    - - Involving urban development clusters and knowledge precincts, which are spatial agglomerations (often linked to universities and high-tech industries) designed to encourage interaction and knowledge exchange (Yigitcanlar, Velibeyoglu, et al., 2008; Elena, 2015)
        
        combine functions similar to a science park with civic and residential elements (Yigitcanlar, O’Connor, et al., 2008)
    - - encompassing environmental sustainability and a just socio-spatial order (Chang et al., 2018a, 2018b)
  - - - Providing studio space for creative businesses and local artisans ((Leng et al., 2014)
      - Innovation districts (Pancholi et al., 2020)
  - - - Specifically, "live-work-learn-play" communities with integrated housing, workplace amenities, and leisure offerings are designed to attract and retain the creative class (Ponce-Lopez et al., 2023)
- - - - considered the spatial nexus or nucleus of knowledge-based urban development (KBUD) and are designed to gather knowledge industries and workers Yigitcanlar et al., 2024; Yigitcanlar, O’Connor, et al., 2008; Yigitcanlar, Velibeyoglu, et al., 2008;)
      - Amenities like cultural facilities, cafes, art galleries, and restaurants should be provided within these districts (Ponce-Lopez et al., 2023)
      - Knowledge workers are drawn to places with cultural richness and substance, alongside high-tech industry (Yigitcanlar et al., 2024)
      - Quality of life, which includes urban amenities, is crucial for attracting and retaining talented employees (Yigitcanlar et al., 2024; Ivaldi et al., 2020; Ponce-Lopez et al., 2023)
      - Locating amenities here caters directly to their desired lifestyle and contributes to the vibrancy that attracts talent ((Yigitcanlar et al., 2024; Ponce-Lopez et al., 2023)
    - - New generation knowledge precinct developments are increasingly located in mixed-use environments that blur the boundaries between living, working, learning, and playing (Yigitcanlar, Velibeyoglu, et al., 2008)
      - Integrating residential, recreational, and commercial development with knowledge facilities creates a more functional and attractive environment for knowledge workers (Yigitcanlar, Velibeyoglu, et al., 2008)
    - - Despite the tendency for knowledge precincts to cluster, they should be successfully planned and integrated into the overall urban fabric, rather than being spatially and socially disconnected "islands of innovation" (Ponce-Lopez et al., 2023; Pancholi et al., 2020)
- - - - These individuals are highly mobile and their location choices are significantly influenced by factors beyond just economic considerations, such as lifestyle and environmental contexts (Li et al., 2024)
- - - - ead to the displacement of lower-income residents and socially disadvantaged groups, creating new social segregations where lowly skilled workers serve the creative sector workforce ( Leng et al., 2014)
- - - - Community art spaces
      - Makerspaces, fab labs, co-creation studios
    - - Third spaces
    - - Incubators and start-up hubs
      - Co-working and co-living spaces for entrepreneurs