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Maya, Maya Civilization - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In some cases, the Indigenous were treated worse than African slaves. By either worked to death, their lives were thought of no value compared to slaves who were bought, indigenous were widespread and easily replaced.
        
        The new king of Spain Philipe decreed that Indigenous people had to work the deadly silver mines in Potosí, Bolivia for 300 years. Over 8 million men working in the mine. The city grew to be larger than London. Mined more silver than all of Europe. Millions died working in the mines
  - - - New foods created.
  - - - 2nd caste - Criollos (Creoles) 100% but born in the new world.
        
        3rd or lower caste Mestizos or Mixed, usually Spanish father, indigenous mother. Some were from well to do families while others poor. There was discrimination against mestizos.
        
        4th caste - Descendents of African Slaves – Included free blacks, Mulattoes (pardos) offspring of Spanish or Portuguese men and black women, Zambos who were the offspring of black men and Indigenous women. Also discriminated against.
        
        5th caste - African slaves.
    - - Spaniards relied heavily on Mayan ruling class to enforce the submission of their populations and to enact Spanish colonial policies.
        
        Spaniards gave Mayan nobility special privileges like owning horses and firearms, and to dress like the Spanish.
        
        Furthered assimilation to European values and lifestyle. Made them less threatening.
        
        Made it easier to assess and collect tribute and keep an eye on everyone.
        
        Church favoured this too as people gathered and they could be preached to
  - - - Vallodolid Debate furthered the talks on how the indigenous should be treated between Juan Gines de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas.
        
        Sepulveda argued they were predisposed to slavery and barbaric.
        
        Las Casas, supported by the church (and somewhat Spanish crown) argued they were innocents, to be brought to Christianity without force, no justification for the mistreatment or slavery.
        
        No one won the debate, Spanish crown sided mostly with Las Casas, maintained indigenous shouldn’t be enslaved.
  - - - New system of government called the cabildo where elected council were to govern. Had to be approved by the Spanish, who could veto the gobernador (governor) if he was a presumed threat to the Spanish.
        
        Often the cabildo (governor) was also the cacique (local hereditary ruler).
        
        Over time the offices fell apart, and the Spanish encouraged or promoted it for their own gain of destabilizing local power in favour of Spanish power.
  - - - Was a great source of wealth for the Spaniards.
        
        Were places of abuse by the Spanish against the indigenous, they were essentially enslaved.
        
        In 1542 the "New Laws" were enacted to end the abuse of the indigenous and give them rights, however it was to better regulate the encomienda system.
        
        There was a struggle between the wealth they generated for the colonist at the expense of the indigenous, against the kings will abolish the encomienda system.
        
        No new encomiendas were allowed, those held couldn’t be passed down.
        
        When existing encomiendas died they passed the revenue to the Spanish crown.
        
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        Repartimiento system was established after this law, which was just another system of forced labor, public projects demanded indigenous labor.
        
        Work was supposed to be paid but often was shirked.
  - - - 1601 repartimiento abolished but indigenous people were still subjugated to debt servitude.
        
        Through policies and industry majority of the indigenous population of Latin America was left with little to nothing.
        
        El Inca Garcilaso, was half indigenous and criticized the effect that all the wealth had on Spain as it squandered its wealth and the citizens didn’t prosper due to it. Wrote a book that celebrated his Inca roots as well as Spanish, built up Mestizo culture and identity. Catholicism eventually spread in South America. Catholicism and Mestizo were closely tied, as well as the Virgin Guadalupe.
- - - - Little evidence of coastal migration, but most likely, area was flooded after ice age.
        
        First estimates of arrivals at around 30,000 years ago which is disputed to 15,000 years ago.
        
        Started off as hunter-gatherers 15,000 years ago – 10,000 BP.
        
        Evidence of tools and subsistence at Monte Verde in Chile and Santa Isabel Iztapan in Mexico.
        
        Climate change happens / End of Ice age 10,000 years ago.
        
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- - - - Most were more militaristic, commerce based, governed secular and by joint councils.