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ATTACHMENT - Coggle Diagram
ATTACHMENT
animal studies in attachment:
GREYLAY GEESE - LORENZ
PROCEDURE:
randomly divided up 2 clutches of eggs into 2
one group with mother, one with incubator & him
all marked accordingly
behavior recorded
FINDINGS:
Lorenz's geese followed him, and the others followed their mother
box on top, when box removed, immediately chose 'correct' parent
imprinting: between 4&24 hours after bond formed: irreversible = the
critical period
imprinting is
innate
: not learnt, biologically hardwired in DNA, traits that have been selected by natural selection
adaptive
for new born birds to imprint on their mother:
increases their chances of survival
behavior has been 'selected' through natural selevction
long lasting effects:
sexual imprinting
= later mates are chosen upon the object they imprinted on
GUITAN ET AL. - chciks that imprinted onnyellow rubber glove tried to mate also with rubber glove = supports Lorenz
sexual imprinting can be reversed by spending time with their species
contradicts Lorenz
generalise to humans?
limit to how much we can extrapolate findings to humans for attachment behaviour
Humans are altricial (longer period of development, more demand on caregivers, longer critical period)
Geese are precocial (short CP) - more independent after birth
for suruvual geese need to imprint on mother so they move with the mother = survival
humans need an attachment bond to caregiver, as babies give nothing, need unconditional love.
SCHAFFERS STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
asocial baby
: 0-2 months
reciprocity & interactional synchrony
prefer human company over inanimate obis
indiscriminate
: 2-7 months
infants can distinguish between familiar & unfamiliar people
relatively easily comforted by anyone - no stranger anxiety
specific
: 7-10 months
stranger anxiety increases
joy on reunion with main caregiver & most comforted
show sep. anxiety - attachment with one person = primary attchament figure
multiple
: 10+months
infants show sep. anxiety to secondary attachment
wider circle of attachment depending on how many different relationships
How did Schaffer and Emerson make the stages:
60 Glaswegian babies, working class families, 18 months
naturalistic (in home)
left alone in room & cot = mother record in diary
every 4 weeks S&E came to observe
FINDINGS:
6/7 months = 50% of babies showed separation anxiety towards caregivers
attachment to who's most sensitive & responsive
9 months = 80% made a specific attachment, 30% made multiple attachments
EVALUATION:
longitudinal, same sample = no individual differences - in home = naturalistic
social desirability bias = mothers had to report behaviors
not generaliasbale = a limited sample, biased sample
HARLOW - MONKEYS ATTACHMENT
PROCEDURE:
8 infant monkeys taken from mother at birth
each in a cage with two mothers: 1. wire mesh & milk 2. soft cloth - time observed with how long spent with each mother
frighten monkey with mechanical monster & see where they ran
long term: sociability & relationship to offspring
FINDINGS:
17/18 hrs a day on cloth mother = contact comfort
less than 1 hr on wire
ran to cloth mother in times of fear
CONCLUSION:
attach to caregiver offering contact comfort, contradicts 'cupboard love' hypothesis
could recover, but only if before 3 months
long term effects: depression, dear response to other monkeys, abnormal mating and parenting behaviour.
EVALUATION
METHOLODICAL ISSUES: used different heads = not standardized = confounding variable reducing internal validity
generalist to humans? monkeys reach sexual mating 3/4, dependent for a shorter, humans require a more complex connection & longer period to create a bond
unethical: psychological harm - abnormal social/ emotional behaviour - extreme stress
CARGIVER/INFANT INTERACTIONS:
attachment: an emotional relationship between 2 people (reciprocal) in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in presence of attchment fig.
Maccoby
- feature that show a child has developed an attachment:
proximity seeking
distress on separation
pleasure on reunion
orientation behaviour towards attachment fig.
reciprocity
: two-way mutual interaction repsond to eavhother actions
interactional synchrony
: cargiver & infant respond in time with eachother - actions & emotions are coordinated
MELTZOFF & MOORE: INTERACTINAL SYNCHRONY
PROCEDURE: - video taped 12-21 day old babies as they watched an adult - facial expressions & gestures - child response identified by independent observers - avoid risk of researcher/ observer bias
FINDINGS:
association found between expression/gesture adult displayed & action of the baby
indicates it's innate
ISABELLA ET AL.
PROCEDURE: observed 30 mothers & infants together and assessed degree of synchrony
FINDINGS: found high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachments = import mat to build a strong attachment bond.
EVALUATION:
difficult to test infant behaviour
babies cannot communicate = inferences are made
well controlled = track sequences
practical issue - babies eat and sleep a lot
was it deliberate?
socially sensitive - implications on working mothers
AINSWORTHS STRANGE SITUATIONS
secure attachment
: (sensitive & responsive) - show some distress when caregiver leaves the room - seek caregiver on return - home distress to strangers & caregiver is absent - show exploration when caregiver is present
insecure-avoidant attachment
: DON'T CARE
avoid social interaction/intimacy from others
little reaction when caregiver leaves room
don't seek on return
little anx. to strangers
happy to explore when caregiver is present/ not
insecure resistant attachment
:
seek & resist intimacy/social interaction
distress when separated
conflicting desires for/against seeking contact
strangers; intense distress & anxiety
unlikely to explore wether present/not
EVALUATION:
STRENGTH: - strandardised, controlled, replicable, high level of control over extraneous variables - establish cause & effect
WEAKNESS:
not valid across cultures
some infants attach to fathers = lowers internal validity
artificial setting
low pop validity - not generaliable
BOWLBY'S THEORY OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION:
maternal love (important for mental & physical health)
critical period (2.5yr window)
consequences
intellectual - low IQ,
emotional - affectionless psychopath,
social - forming/maintaining relationships in adulthood
PROCEDURE: 44 THIEVES - 88 children from clinic in London - IQ tested, social worker interviewed parent for detaisl of early life - interview with child
opportunity sample
indépendant group design
social worker did interviews: no social desirability bias
FINDINGS:
early separation from mothers: affectionless thieves
86% affectionless thieves 12/14
17% 5/30 for others
EVALUATION: - 12/14 affectionless psychopaths = maternal deprivation, caught stealing = lower IQ - long term
ROLE OF THE FATHER
fathers are not as suitable attachments as mothers:
Amygdala
activated for mothers & greater increase in oxytocin - father not as much activation
HOWEVER - primary caregiver fathers sowed same amygdala activation as mothers - allows a high state of alertness and sensitive to infant signals
fathers are important secondary attachment figures:
early/childhood attchament = important
homosexual fathers - same as mothers due to an increase in oxytocin with more time engaging with infant
shows parenting is a choice = fathers can be just as sensitive and responsive as mothers
economic implications
:
gender pay gap = mothers careers end/part time - man can take time off and contribute less to economy
more women in and staying in the workforce
men having paternity leave - costs employers more
early attachment research
LEARNING THEORY OF ATTACHMENT:
UCS
(food) --->
UCR
(happy baby)
NS
(mother) +
UCS
(food) --->
UCR
(happy baby)
CS
(mother) --->
CR
(happy baby)
REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE FOR CHILD: baby cried/mother feeds it = gains food, pleasurable feeling of fullness
NEGATIVE FOR CHILD: baby cried/mother feeds it = removes hunger, reduces the drive
POSITIVE FOR MOTHER: baby cried/mother feeds it = gains a positive repose from the baby, a smile
NEGATIVE FOR MOTHER: baby cried/mother feeds it = remove crying, stops unpleasurable noises
DOLLARD & MILLER
food satisfies infants hunger & makes it comfortable again = food is primary reinforcer - supplies the reward
classical conditioning: person who supplies food is associated with avoiding discomfort and becomes secondary reinforcer
attachment occurs because the child seeks the person who can supply the reward
INFLUENCE OF EARLY ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS
childhood friendships: secure as a Child = more popular/ empathetic MINNESOTA CHILD STUDY
parenting: Harlow - monkeys, Quinton - 50 institution/50 home, institutionalized = children spend time in care
romantic: hazan and shaver = 'love quiz'
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
van ijzendoorn
PROCEDURE: meta analysis, 32 students across 8 countries (UK, USA, China, Israel, Japan, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden)
FINDINGS:
secure: most common across all cultures
Germany had highest proportion of avoidant
Japan/Israel high resistant
lowest % of secure China: 50% highest secure Uk: 75%
1.5x more variation within cultures than between cultures
EVALUATION: - ethnocentrism: westen/rest fo world, many sub cultures in a culture
BOWLBY'S MONOTROPIC THEORY OF ATTACHMENT
SO MAGIC
S
ocial Releasers
M
onotropy
A
daptive Advantage
G
ood Quality Care
I
nternal Working Model
C
ritical Period
S
: innate mechanisms that elicit caregiving behaviour from the adult
physical: big eyes, round head, chubby cheeks
behavioural: crying, smiling, laughing
M
: infant form ONE main attachment bond, uniquely important
A
: survival advantage, these behaviors have become innate through natural selection
G
: form monotropic bond with whoever is most sensitive and responsive to infants needs
I
: forms a schema of monotropic relationship with the caregiver, a template for all future relationships
C
:approx. 2 yrs, if they fail to form an attachment would struggle to attach to anyone = suffer emotional and intellectual consequences
EVALUATION:
critical period
: animal studies (Lorenz geese, 4-24 hrs, humans also have a CR)
HOWEVER: Rutter & Romanian orphans - 'sensitive period' , rather than a CR (6 months)
monotropy
: Schaffer & Emerson - multiple attachments, & Bowlby's critical period, mothers OR amygdala acitvaiotn in men
economic implications
good quality care
: Ragan proposed that a Childs temperment plays a huge role in attachment, not caregivers sensitivity
'easy' babies are more likely to form a secure attachment
internal working model
: Hazan & Shaver = romantic relationships reflect early attachment style
RUTTER'S ROMANIAN ORPHANS:
FINDINGS: devastating initial impact, extraordinary catch up - age 4, same catch up, before 6 moths adoption was good, after 2 yrs longer and more severe effects
effects of institutionalsition: low IQ, delayed lang, delayed physical development
CONCLUSIONS: long term consequences = severe, longer lasting for longer institutional, sensitive period is 6 months