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Y1 HISTORY, CASTRO ERA, DETENTE
1969-1979, NAZIS, GRAND ALLIANCE
US-USSR…
Y1 HISTORY
1900
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
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1935 Nuremberg Laws
Law for the Protection of German Blood & Honor
- No marriage/sexual relations German-Jews
- Jews cannot employ German females under 45 y/o
- Jews cannot fly Reich flag
- Punishments
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1934 Counter-revolution
US support Batista to impose new President & government aligned with US economy/politic
1934-1940 Puppet regime
- Puppet Presidents enacted measures approved by Batista & US
- Batista turned against the left - used army to crush & kill opponents
- Batista imposed martial law
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March 1933 - Ministry of Propaganda & Enlightenment Goebbels (Volksempfanger, Editor's Law)
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1933 Law Against Dangerous Habitual Criminals (beggars, prostitutes. alcoholics, homosexuals, juvenile delinquents
1933 Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased
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1933 Cuban Revolution
Led by Grau
Desire for national sovereignty, democracy, new constitutions
- Abolished Platt Amendment
- Right to vote for women
- Prices were cut
- Wages increased
US refused to recognize Grau's government & proposed reforms
Separation of the radical left
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CASTRO ERA
BATISTA ERA
Economic divisions
- Cuba appeared prosperous compared to Latin America
- tourism (Las Vegas of Latin America, mafia control of tourism, prostitution, pornography, gambling)
- uneven distribution of wealth
- inflation & pay levels stagnated
- 17% unemployment
- 13% under-employment (part-time jobs for poor people / sugar season
- economy tied to US
- over-dependence on sugar - subject to the fluctuating world price
Social divisions
- crime
- unemployment
- trade unions
- inequality between urban & rural areas (Havana had all investments tho 20% of population)
- poor health services
- educational decline
Politics
Aims
- initial plan "representative democracy & social justice"
- signs of moderation in 1959, but relations with US deteriorated & Castro's political aims became more aligned with Marxism
Activities of the mass organizations
- voluntary labor campaigns
- community improvement projects
- adult education
- public health campaigns
- vaccination campaigns
- competition between workers to reach targets
- elements of democracy within the organizations - leaders were elected
Economy
goals
- economic independence & diversity
- modern, industrialized economy
- moral incentives for work
- reduce rural/urban disparity
- egalitarian vision
summary
- rationing
- cubans are not prosperous
- policy was inconsistent between idealized pure socialism & elements of capitalism
- sugar industry remained dominant
- dependence on USSR
some purely socialist aims were fulfilled
- extremes of wealth abolished
- unemployment disappeared (until special period)
- basic standard of living available to all (education & health)
Opponents
- former Batista supporters were put on trial, 55 found guilty & executed
- high level of exile, 150 000 in 1961-1962
- brain drain (intellectuals exile)
Revolution VS communism
- not led by Popular Socialist Party
- not direct result of class struggle
- social reforms & economic growth
- conditions of Cuban history, military threats from US & economic embargo
Ideologies
- hostility to US imperialism
- reforms required central political & economic control - not private enterprise/mixed economy that would lead to pluralism
- socialism provided the moral & ethical codes expected of Cuban citizens - world free from poverty, exploitation, injustice
- cult of personality
- Castro's great charisma
- Cuban patriotism
USSR
- command economy appealed Cuban leaders
- admired modernization without assistance
Castroist state turned in..
- communist dictatorship
- authoritarian democracy
- guided democracy
- Castro believed Cubans not ready to assume govrm (first the revolution, then elections)
- one-party communist state but populist, limits on individual & collective freedoms in the name of security & ideology
DETENTE
1969-1979
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Peaceful coexistence: compete for influence but would avoid war as it would mean the destruction of both countries
USSR - Brezhnev
- could negotiate as equals after reaching of nuclear parity
- economic stagnation after spending on arms race
- detente would allow them to transfer money from military to consumer goods
- desire to import Western technology
- Sino-Soviet Split
US - Nixon
- growing impact of Vietnam War
- idea of realpolitik - no longer bipolar world, US focus on stopping communism was weakening American standing
- Vietnam was main focus
- arms control & less military commitments could help strengthen the US economic stagnation
Factors undermining
- Americans felt arms agreements benefitted USSR
- actions in Middle East & Africa seemed to indicate USSR continuing to expand influence
- fear of Soviet expansion (USSR assisting Marxist rebels through wolrd)
- Soviets feared CIA's support of anti-communist govrm in third world
- US push towards human rights agreements made at Helsinki. President Carter increasingly linked economic deals to improved human rights - resented by USSR
- US economy began to cover in 1970s, less incentive to pursue detente
- Soviet economy in decline - human rights stipulations pulled out of trade deals
- oil crisis of the 1970s emphasize importance of safeguarding oil & preventing USSR expansion in Middle East
Collapse in 1979 with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Carter Doctrine - commited US to intervene if Soviets threatened Western interests in Persian Gulf
NAZIS
REPRESSION FROM REGIME
- Censorship
- Loss of personal freedom (surveillance)
- Intimidation through warnings
- Job dismissal
- Arbitrary arrest & imprisonment
- Concentration camps
- Executions
1933 GLEICHSCHALTSTUNG
- Removal of constitutional checks on power
- Reichstag Fire Decree
- Enabling Act
- Trade Unions
- Political Parties illegal
- Civil Service
- Coordination of Social Life
- Fear of population through Gestapo & Block Wardens
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Military
Religious
- Bonhoeffer
- Niemoller
- Bishop Galen of Munster
- Confessing Church
Youth
- Edelweisspiraten
- Meuten
- Swing Youth
- White Rose
NAZI ECONOMIC PROMISES
- Limitations to monopoly power of big businesses
- Limitations to banking powers
- Assistance to small business
- Assistance to farmers
- Job creation
Four Year Plan 1936
- Goering
- 4 years to be ready for war
- Autarky
- Control over economy
- Develop to avoid imports
- Increase agriculture
- Tighter control over economy
Ideologies
- Racial superiority of Aryan race
- Nationalism
- Anti-semitism
- Fuhrerprinzip
- Lebensraum
- Blood & soil
- Militarism & Glorification of war
- Anti-democracy
- Anti-feminism
- Swastika insignia
- Kitchen, Children, Church
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