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RS (Religon, Ethics) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Baptism - A ritual symbolizing purification and admission to the Christian Church.
      - Holy Communion (Eucharist): Commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus; bread and wine are consumed as symbols of Jesus’ body and blood.
      - Prayer: Practiced individually or communally, often involving the Lord’s Prayer.
      - • Lent and Easter Celebrations: Periods of fasting, reflection, and celebration of Jesus’ resurrection.
    - - Hajj: A pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is expected to undertake at least once if able.
      - Ramadan Fasting (Sawm): Fasting from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan.
      - Five Daily Prayers (Salat): Muslims pray at specific times each day facing Mecca.
      - Zakat (Almsgiving): Giving a portion of one’s wealth to those in need.
    - - Puja: A devotional ritual involving offerings to deities at home or in temples.
      - Meditation and Yoga: Spiritual practices to achieve union with the divine.
      - Pilgrimage to Sacred Sites: Such as the Ganges River or temples like Varanasi.
    - - • Meditation: Central to achieving mindfulness and enlightenment.
        
        • Vesak: Celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha.
        
        • Monastic Ordination: Rituals for those becoming monks or nuns.
        
        • Chanting Sutras: Recitation of Buddhist texts for merit and mindfulness.
    - - • Shabbat (Sabbath): Weekly day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening.
        
        • Passover (Pesach): Commemorates the Israelites’ liberation from Egypt, includes the Seder meal.
        
        • Yom Kippur: Day of Atonement involving fasting and prayer.
  - - - • Baptism: Often performed in infancy (though sometimes in adulthood), it marks entry into the Christian faith.
        
        • Confirmation: A ritual in many denominations (especially Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican) where individuals affirm their faith, usually during adolescence.
        
        • Marriage: A sacred covenant performed in a church ceremony.
        
        • Funeral Rites: Include prayers, hymns, and a burial or cremation, acknowledging the passage to the afterlife
    - - • Aqiqah: Naming ceremony for a newborn, often involving animal sacrifice and a celebration.
        
        • Circumcision (Khitan): A rite of purification and religious duty, typically done in childhood.
        
        • Marriage (Nikah): A formal contract and religious ceremony marking adulthood and family life.
        
        • Funeral Rites (Janazah): Include washing the body, shrouding, prayers, and burial facing Mecca.
    - - • Namkaran: Naming ceremony shortly after birth.
        
        • Upanayana (Sacred Thread Ceremony): Marks the start of formal education and spiritual responsibility, especially for Brahmin boys.
        
        • Vivaha (Marriage): Considered one of the most important samskaras (sacraments).
        
        • Antyeshti (Funeral Rites): Include cremation and rituals to aid the soul’s journey.
    - - • Brit Milah: Circumcision of male infants on the 8th day after birth.
        
        • Bar/Bat Mitzvah: Celebrates a boy (13) or girl (12) reaching religious adulthood.
        
        • Marriage (Kiddushin): Involves blessings, a marriage contract (ketubah), and the breaking of a glass.
        
        • Funeral and Mourning (Shiva): Structured mourning rituals following a death.
    - - • Ordination as a Monk or Nun (Pabbajja and Upasampada): Major rite marking entry into monastic life.
        
        • Coming of Age Ceremonies: In some Buddhist cultures (e.g., Shinbyu in Myanmar), boys temporarily join a monastery.
        
        • Funeral Rites: Emphasize rebirth and merit-making to aid the deceased in their next life.
  - - - • Christmas: Celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ (December 25).
        
        • Easter: Commemorates the resurrection of Jesus after his crucifixion.
        
        • Good Friday: Marks the crucifixion and death of Jesus.
        
        • Pentecost: Celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles.
    - - • Eid al-Fitr: Celebrates the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting.
        
        • Eid al-Adha: Honors Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son; includes animal sacrifice.
        
        • Ramadan (month-long): A sacred month of fasting, prayer, and reflection.
        
        • Mawlid al-Nabi: Celebrates the birth of the Prophet Muhammad.
    - - • Diwali: Festival of Lights, symbolizing the victory of light over darkness.
        
        • Holi: Festival of Colors, celebrating love, spring, and the victory of good over evil.
        
        • Navaratri/Dussehra: Honors the goddess Durga and victory over evil forces.
        
        • Raksha Bandhan: Celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters.
    - - • Vesak (Buddha Day): Celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha.
        
        • Magha Puja: Honors a key event in the Buddha’s life involving his disciples.
        
        • Asalha Puja: Commemorates the Buddha’s first sermon.
    - - • Passover (Pesach): Remembers the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt.
        
        • Hanukkah: Festival of Lights, commemorating the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem.
        
        • Yom Kippur: Day of Atonement, the holiest day for repentance and prayer.
        
        • Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year.
    - - • Vaisakhi: Celebrates the founding of the Khalsa and the Sikh New Year.
        
        • Guru Nanak Gurpurab: Marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru.
        
        • Bandi Chhor Divas: Commemorates the release of Guru Hargobind and 52 princes.
  - - - • Reason: Increased focus on rationalism, individualism, and scientific explanations over religious ones. People began seeking meaning in non-religious ways.
        
        • Key Impact: Religion's influence in education, politics, and social life diminished, particularly in Western Europe.
    - - • Reason: The rise of science and technology provided natural explanations for phenomena once attributed to divine action (e.g., evolution, cosmology, medicine).
        .
      - • Key Impact: People increasingly turned to science for answers, diminishing the need for religious explanations of the world
    - - · Community and Identity: Football provides a sense of belonging. Fans are often deeply loyal to their teams, much like religious followers to their faith communities. They create tribes of supporters, developing a shared identity around the team.
      - · Rituals: Matchdays, chants, stadium rituals, and even superstitions (e.g., wearing lucky socks or performing certain actions) resemble religious ceremonies or rituals.
      - · Heroes and Icons: Just as religious figures are revered, football players like Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi become idols who are worshipped by fans. Their achievements are celebrated like miracles or divine acts.
      - · Pilgrimages: Fans travel across countries to watch important games (e.g., the World Cup, or the Champions League Final), much like religious pilgrims journey to holy sites.
      - · Transcendence: The experience of watching a beloved team win or achieving victory is often described as "divine", giving fans a sense of collective euphoria and meaning.
    - - • Reason: As democratic and liberal values grew, religious institutions, especially in Europe, were increasingly seen as out of step with social progress on issues like gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and social justice.
        • Key Impact: Religion often seemed conservative and resistant to change, especially on moral and ethical issues, which led to alienation among younger generations.
    - - 🛍 Love of Brands (Coca-Cola, Apple, etc.) as Secular & privatised Worship
      - · Brand Loyalty as Devotion: Like religious followers, people often feel deep loyalty and emotional attachment to brands like Apple or Coca-Cola, viewing them as part of their identity and life. This loyalty is built on shared values, trust, and the desire to be associated with a certain image, similar to the way people adopt religious beliefs or affiliations.
      - · Rituals and Practices: Purchasing and using certain products, participating in brand-related events (e.g., Apple product launches), and even the ritual of unboxing an iPhone can feel like sacred or highly anticipated practices. The Apple Store experience is designed to make customers feel part of something special, almost religious.
      - · Icons and Idols: Apple, for instance, has a revered figure in Steve Jobs, who is almost deified by many of the company’s fans. Like religious figures, Job’s legacy is honored, and his "vision" is viewed as revolutionary and transformative.
      - · Community and Belonging: Both brands create strong communities of followers (e.g., Apple's user base or Coca-Cola’s fans), where shared enthusiasm, identity, and values help bind people together. Some brand communities even develop their own language and codes of behavior, reminiscent of religious sects or cults.
      - · Promises of Fulfillment: Just as religion promises ultimate fulfillment or salvation, brands like Coca-Cola often evoke emotional fulfillment and happiness, claiming
      - that their product will improve one’s life and provide joy. People may feel an emotional connection to the brand that goes beyond just the utility of the product.
    - - Identity and Belonging: Whether through a football team, nation, or brand, these secular phenomena provide a sense of identity, belonging, and community, similar to the role religion has in traditional societies.
        
        Rituals and Ceremonies: There are ritualized actions (e.g., watching a match, celebrating a national holiday, unboxing a product) that carry symbolic meaning and provide structure in people's lives.
        
        Sacred Objects and Places: Certain objects (e.g., team jerseys, flags, brand logos) or places (e.g., stadiums, national monuments, Apple stores) are revered and treated with a sense of awe and respect.
        
        Devotion and Loyalty: People often exhibit deep loyalty to these secular institutions or symbols, treating them as more than just material entities but as sources of personal meaning and value.
        
        Emotional Experience: Like religious experiences, secular “worship” provides emotional highs (e.g., winning a match, national pride, or the satisfaction of using a favorite brand), and can shape personal and social identities.
    - - • Reason: Western society increasingly emphasized individualism, personal autonomy, and freedom of choice.
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      - Key Impact: People became more focused on personal experiences and self-realization, often at odds with religious doctrines requiring submission to a higher authority or communal norms.
  - - - Christianity
        
        • The Ten Commandments (shared with Judaism):
        
        o Includes laws such as: Do not steal, do not murder, honor your parents, do not lie, do not covet, worship only God.
        
        • The Golden Rule: "Do to others as you would have them do to you." (Luke 6:31)
        
        • Jesus’ Two Greatest Commandments:
        
        o "Love the Lord your God with all your heart."
        
        o "Love your neighbor as yourself."
      - Islam
        
        • Sharia Law: Islamic law derived from the Qur’an and Hadith, covering moral, legal, and social conduct.
        
        • Five Pillars of Islam (core duties, but also moral framework):
        
        o Faith, Prayer, Charity (Zakat), Fasting, and Pilgrimage.
        
        • Key Moral Teachings:
        
        o Justice, honesty, humility, charity, and respect for parents and the poor.
        
        o “Whoever kills a soul... it is as if he had slain mankind entirely.” (Qur’an 5:32)
      - Hinduism
        
        • Dharma: Moral and ethical duty based on one’s role in society.
        
        • Yamas and Niyamas (ethical disciplines in yoga):
        
        o Yamas (restraints): Non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, non-possessiveness.
        
        o Niyamas (observances): Purity, contentment, discipline, self-study, surrender to God.
        
        • Law of Karma: Actions have moral consequences in this life and the next.
      - Judaism
        
        • The Ten Commandments (Exodus 20):
        
        o Shared with Christianity, these are foundational moral laws.
        
        • 613 Mitzvot: Commandments in the Torah covering ethical, ritual, and social laws.
        
        • Core Values:
        
        o Justice (tzedek), kindness (chesed), charity (tzedakah), and peace (shalom).
      - Buddhism
        
        • Five Precepts (basic moral guidelines):
        
        o Do not kill.
        
        o Do not steal.
        
        o Do not engage in sexual misconduct.
        
        o Do not lie.
        
        o Do not use intoxicants.
        
        • Eightfold Path (ethical and mental discipline):
        
        o Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood (among others).
        
        • Core Focus: Compassion, mindfulness, and avoiding harm to all beings.
      - Sikhism
        
        • Three Pillars:
        
        o Naam Japna (Remember God),
        
        o Kirat Karni (Earn an honest living),
        
        o Vand Chakna (Share with others).
        
        • Moral Teachings:
        
        o Equality, service to humanity, honesty, humility, and non-violence.
        
        • Rejects: Ritualism, caste discrimination, and idol worship.
  - - - Ritual/Practical Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Worship, ceremonies, prayer, meditation, rites of passage (e.g. baptism, puja, salah).
      - b. Purpose: Expresses beliefs and creates a shared religious identity through action.
      - Doctrinal/Philosophical Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Core teachings, creeds, and theological beliefs (e.g. the Trinity, karma, Tawhid).
      - b. Purpose: Provides the intellectual framework of a religion.
      - Mythological/Narrative Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Sacred stories and scriptures (e.g. Bible, Qur’an, Ramayana, life of the Buddha).
      - b. Purpose: Explains origins, values, and the nature of the divine.
      - Ethical/Legal Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Moral codes, laws, and teachings on how to live (e.g. Ten Commandments, Sharia, Dharma).
      - b. Purpose: Guides behaviour and decision-making.
      - Social/Institutional Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Religious communities, leadership structures, temples, churches, mosques.
      - b. Purpose: Organizes believers and maintains tradition.
      - Experiential/Emotional Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Personal religious experiences like awe, enlightenment, forgiveness, or conversion.
      - b. Purpose: Offers individuals a direct encounter with the divine or sacred.
      - Material Dimension
      - a. What it includes: Physical expressions of faith—buildings, symbols, art, scriptures, relics.
- - - - Ethical concern over pain and suffering inflicted on animals in farming, testing, and entertainment.
      - Debate: Is it ever justifiable to use animals for human benefit?
    - - Mass production of meat and animal products raises issues of poor living conditions, disease, and environmental harm.
    - - Used for cosmetics, medicine, and scientific research. Ethical debate over necessity vs. cruelty.
    - - Controversial practices like fox hunting, bullfighting, and trophy hunting are seen by many as unjustifiable violence.
    - - Some rituals involve animal sacrifice or dietary laws; views vary across religions
      - In Hinduism, sacrificial rituals, known as yajnas, are significant and are detailed in the Brahmana texts
  - - - Moral responsibility to reduce carbon emissions and protect future generations.
      - Ethical debate over who should bear the burden wealthy nations vs. developing ones.
    - - Air, water, and land pollution threaten ecosystems, health, and biodiversity
    - - Leads to loss of species and imbalance in nature; often caused by agriculture or development.
    - - Overuse of fossil fuels, water, and minerals raises ethical questions about sustainability and greed.
    - - A core issue: Do humans have a duty to preserve the Earth for those who come after us?
    - - Stewardship: Found in many religions (e.g., Christianity, Islam) – the belief that humans are caretakers of Earth.
      - Ahimsa (Non-violence): Key in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism – promoting non-harm to all living beings.
      - Intrinsic Value of Nature and Animals: A view held in both religious and secular ethics—that animals and the environment have worth beyond human use.
  - - - Stewardship: Humans are seen as caretakers of God's creation (Genesis 2:15).
      - Animal Welfare: The Bible promotes kindness to animals (e.g., Proverbs 12:10), but animals are generally considered secondary to humans.
      - Environmental Responsibility: Pope Francis' Laudato Si’ emphasizes caring for the Earth and fighting climate change as moral duties.
      - Meat Eating: Permitted, but cruelty and waste are discouraged
    - - Khalifah (Stewardship): Humans are entrusted by Allah to care for the Earth (Qur’an 6:165).
      - Animals: Must be treated with compassion. Halal slaughter has strict guidelines to minimize suffering.
      - Environmental Ethics: Wasting resources and polluting the Earth are considered sinful.
      - Balance (Mizan): Nature should be kept in balance as created by Allah.
    - - Ahimsa (Non-violence): Strong emphasis on non-harm to all living beings.
      - Animals: Sacred—cows in particular are revered. Many Hindus are vegetarian.
      - Nature Worship: Rivers, mountains, and animals often have divine associations (e.g., Ganges River, sacred cows).
      - Environmental Concern: Seen as part of dharma (righteous living).
  - - - Refugees and migrants often flee war, persecution, or poverty.
      - Ethical issue: Do all people have the right to safety, shelter, and freedom regardless of their nationality?
    - - Balancing a country’s need for border control with its moral duty to protect the vulnerable.
      - Question: How do we distinguish between legitimate protection and unjust exclusion?
    - - Concern: Immigrants may strain public resources or compete for jobs
      - Ethical debate: Is economic fear a just reason to deny help to those in need?
    - - Tensions can arise over preserving national identity versus embracing diversity.
      - Ethical issue: Should immigrants be expected to fully assimilate, or should cultures coexist?
    - - Refugee crises often affect neighboring or poorer countries most.
      - Ethical concern: Should wealthier nations bear more responsibility?
  - - - Autonomy and Job Loss: AI replacing human workers raises economic and ethical concerns about fairness and dignity.
      - Bias and Discrimination: AI can reflect or worsen social biases if not properly designed.
      - Responsibility and Control: Who is accountable when AI causes harm or makes mistakes?
      - Human Rights: Use of AI in warfare or decision-making (e.g., in law or finance) can impact fundamental rights.
    - - Resource Use: Should space be mined or colonized? Who owns space resources?
      - Environmental Impact: Launches and satellites contribute to pollution and space debris.
      - Inequality: Space programs are expensive—should we solve Earth’s problems first?
      - Exploitation and Ethics: Raises concerns about repeating colonial patterns beyond Earth.
    - - Right to Privacy: Government and corporate surveillance can invade personal freedoms.
      - Security vs. Freedom: Ethical tension between protecting society and individual liberty.
      - Informed Consent: Often lacking in data collection through apps and devices.
      - Mass Data Misuse: Risk of profiling, discrimination, or authoritarian control.
    - - Mental Health: Linked to anxiety, loneliness, and addiction—especially in young people.
      - Misinformation: Spread of fake news and conspiracy theories undermines truth.
      - Cyberbullying and Abuse: Social media can facilitate harassment.
      - Data Exploitation: Users often give up data without knowing how it’s used.
    - - Access and Inequality: Digital divides can worsen gaps between rich and poor students.
      - Surveillance in Schools: Raises concerns over student privacy and freedom
      - AI in Grading: Can be biased or dehumanizing if misused.
      - Screen Time and Learning Quality: Overreliance on tech may harm focus and critical thinking.
    - - AI and Robotics in Medicine: Raises issues of trust, responsibility, and patient care quality.
      - Genetic Engineering: CRISPR and gene editing pose questions about "playing God" and designer babies.
      - Data Security: Patient information must be kept private and safe.
      - Access to Care: Technology should improve access, not widen health inequality.