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opposition - Coggle Diagram
opposition
other forms of terror-
RSHA- Reich Security Main Office- headed by Heydrich- internal organisation of expansion of SS- specialised with different units in charge of concentration camps, economic enterprises, educational and reproductive centres-
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Once SS had taken over camp system, smaller 'wild camps'= closed and further camps established- while Dachau mainly held political prisoners- other camps expanded to 'asocials' and 'habitual criminals' but also anyone who didn't conform despite breaking none of the new laws- major targets for SS from 1941= Jews
why so little internal-
Hitler did not size power in January 1933- up until 1933 population vote was volatile - vote climbed in 5 years from 2.65 in 1928 to 37.3% in July 1932-at time height of economic depression and political crisis- but didn't maintain steep incline still failed to get majority 5th March 1933 but still largest party- following 12 years popularity first soared w/ economic recovery and foreign policy success- also apparatus of repression and terror to ensure conformity- but with reversal of fortunes in war- support declined-
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oskar schindler- Past involvement- born in Czech, when Hitler wanted to take control of Czech- joined the Nazis- became traitor- 1938- became spy for Germany in Czech- arrested but released when Nazis invaded- helped Hitler invade Poland and became industrialist in Krakow as a reward- but began to oppose as saw children in the creche being sent to Auschwitz whilst parents were working, hated seeing people hurt unjustifiably, formed relations with many of his Jewish workers and became dissolusioned to Nazi ideology
How did Schindler oppose- to save Jewish people from persecution would hire them into his factory to shield them from the abuse - would give nearly full packets of cigarettes on desks which they could use to sell to get food- also created Schindler's list- list of Jewish workers he claimed were essential to his factory- saving them from death- 1200 Jews saved
protestant church- Motivation- Nazis created own church called Reich Church- did this by merging a collection of Protestant churches- allowed Nazi flags hung up inside the church and created their own Nazified version of the lords prayer- aim to promote Nazi ideas through church- attempted to stop use of old testament as they saw it to be Jewish- also decided that anyone who was baptised Christian but had Jewish descent was Jewish-
demonstrated opposition by Martin Neimoller forming confessional church along with many other protestant churches to oppose Reich church in October 1934 stated anyone baptised Christian was Christian no matter descent - members did not always oppose Nazism and were often members but believed gov should not interfere with faith practices -Confessional church had around 5000 clergy. Member Dietrich Bonhoffer openly condemned Fuhrerprinzip which he regarded as hostile toward Christianity in 1933- later linked to assassination attempt in 1945-
why so little internal p2- -Propaganda- look at flashcards- bring media (press, film, radio etc) under Nazi control- especially during war- couldn't escape- radio broadcasts in public places eg cafes/ squares- also controlled building design- Speer designing towns for 'master race' and art- look at themes shown in propaganda
- Hitler myth- used Hitlers role as charismatic Fuhrer- projected as saviour figure - even if people annoyed at other Nazi figures many would console selves with 'if only the Fuhrer knew' all would be set to rights- myth crafted by Hitler stayed clear of day to day policy but focussed on body language and how power is enacted at public presentations
Why so little internal- SS- Violence= integral part of Hitlers rise to power- brown shirted SA- beat up political opponents on streets/ contributed greatly to chaos of closing months for Weimar Republic- chaos which Hitler promised to solve- 'solution'= outlawing political opponents and 'legalise' only Nazi use of force- - within weeks a system of informal prisons was set up- mainly for communists/ socialists - first more permanent camp= Dachau- - had much publicity and generally favourable actions- major balance of forces came with NOLK- needed backing of general army- Ernst Rohm/ other SA leaders assassinated along with around 85-200 other individuals - army gavve oath- later used to justify obedience- public largely either supportive or too scared to speak out- also look at SS/ Gestapo in notes
non conformity- everyday- Peasants grumbled about Entailed farm law Sept 29 1933- land inherited whole- not divided- -workers sometimes engaged in unofficial strikes but lack of consistent opposition - but periodic grumbling= generally compatible with support for new developments eg foreign policy success such as anschluss- yet those who showed greater opposition
July bomb plot- who involved- Plot leaders= Ludwig Beck, Major Greneral Hemming Von Treskow, Colonel Geenral Freidrich Olbricht and several high ranking officers- Erwin Rommel (prestigious commander) agreed with removing Hitler from power but took no part in asassination attempt-ze Count Schenk von Stauffenberg took one for team- injured soldier- wouldn't be called for combat/ had access to Hitler with meetings on a regular basis-
protestant church p3- Impact= practise faith without it being tainted but on 1st July 1937 confessional church shut down/ banned- early on into creation Neimoller and 2 other religious pastors met w/ Hitler- affirmed support for Hitlers foreign/ domestic policy but asked to disagree with religious policy- Hitler made them sign oath of unconditional loyalty to him- Neimoller didn't sign- targeted- held in camp 1937-45. Deitrich Bonhoffer executed April 5th 1945- estimated 800 of 17000 protestant pastors arrested and 50% of those given major prison sentences
Catholic church- Motivation- emphasised dignity of human person, importance of family and necessity of moral order guided by god's law- but Nazi regime wanted to control all aspects of public/ private life demanding total loyalty to state and leader- Totallitarian vision clashed with Catholic belief in autonomy of church and moral right of individuals- opposition= complex- Vatican and some Church leaders criticised for not being more outspoken many actively resistance- including public condemnations, diplomatic interventions, clandestine support for persecuted
catholic church p2- Galen became prominent opponent of Euthanasia programme which involved systematic killing of disabled, elderly and those deemed 'unfit' by regime- he led Catholic protest against euthanasia and denounced Gestapo lawlessness and persecution of Church in Nazi Germany- also those involved in White Rose was part of Catholic opposition- Nazi reaction- tried to suppress and discredit church via violence, intimidation and censorship- also careful not to push too far- especially w/ high profile figures eg Galen- saw Church as formidable institution- not easily controlled also one of biggest allies= Italy/ Austria= predominantly Catholic- so not able to fully silence