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Biotechnology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cytokines
        
        Interferons
        
        INF-a recruit NK + Dendritic
        
        Interleukins
        
        Immune restoration + enhancement
        
        Hematopoietic growth factors
        
        GM-CSF
        
        G-CSF
        
        increase WBCs
        
        EPO
        
        IL-11
        
        platelet production
      - BCG
        
        Immune response cancer cells, injected into bladder.
        Weakened form of tuberculosis
      - Angiogenisis inhibitors
        
        release IL-2
        
        Thalidomide
        
        Lenalidomide
        
        Pomalidomide
        
        Imiquimod
    - - TIL
      - CAR-T Cell
    - - flag cells to be destroyed / chemo to cells
        
        Rituximab
        
        chimeric, CD20, triggers cell death [Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma]
        
        Blinatumomab
        
        CD19 + CD3. Helps T-Cell proximity cytokine release
    - - prevents 'off'
        
        PD-L1 + PD-1
    - - own tumour cells
        
        tumour-associated antigens
        
        own dendritic cells
        
        therapeutic
        
        prophylactic
      - Oncolytic virus therapy
        
        T-VEC
    - - mABs
        
        sources
        
        Humanised (zumab)
        
        Murine (omab)
        
        Human (umab)
        
        Chimeric (ximab)
        
        EGFR blockers
        
        EGFR blockers (colon,rectal, head and neck)
        
        Cetuximab
        
        Panitumumab
        
        HER2 blocker (breast, gastric, oesophageal)
        
        Trastuzumab
        
        ado-trastuzumab emtansine (breast cancer)
        
        Pertuzumab
      - small molecule inhibitors
        
        kinase
        
        tyrosine kinase inhibitors
        
        Erlotinib (bone, oesophageal, kidney, pancreatic)
        
        Imatinib (leukaemia Philadelphia chromosome)
        
        Gefitinib (EGFR, non-small cell lung cancer)
        
        angiogenisis
        
        VEGF blocker
        
        Sunitinib
        
        Sorafenib
      - Other
        
        passive
        
        EPR, >40 kDa, 20-30%, Inaccurate
        
        Active
        
        Ligands
        
        Nucleic acid
        
        Aptamers
        
        SELEX
        
        1 more item...
        
        Peptides
        
        signalling pathways
        
        cell penetrating
        
        tumour homing
      - Advantages
        
        less toxic
        
        adjuvant therapy (w/ cytotoxic drugs)
        
        personalised
  - - - Dendritic cells reprogrammed, exposure therapy to allergens
        
        Eggs- OVM cleaved
        
        CRISPR
        
        Gluten- a-y gliadin cleaved
    - - advanced solid tumours
        
        TV (tisotumab vedotin) Trojan horse
      - rABs
      - Antibody-drug conjugates
      - bsAbs
        
        msAbs
        
        ≥3 epitopes
        
        2 epitopes
    - - blood cancers
      - solid tumours (hostile environ)
        
        IL-12 secreting
        
        IL-1 secreting
      - CRISPR-CAS9
        
        cleave CD5, no more 'brakes'
    - - CpG
        
        wakes up immune (recog by TLR9)
      - anti-OX40
        
        T-Cell Supercharger
    - - successfully rids blood cancer
        
        less toxic (GvHD avoided) safer than T cells
- - - - Liposomes
      - Micelles
      - Dendrimers
    - - Iron Oxide
  - - - EPR => ligands on spec. cells
    - - remove solid tumours via surgery
    - - silver NPs, bone regen, antibiotic scaffold
    - - Nanodiamonds = fluorescence + contrast agent
    - - pDNA
        
        Ionisabe cationic lipids
        
        PEG lipids
  - - - aggregate
        
        bioaccumulate
        
        ROS
- - - - 1 / million
        
        innaccurate
        
        high error => off target effects
  - - - sgRNA, PAM
        
        CRISPR
        
        CAMERA
        
        cell memory
        
        Strength/duration of signal
        
        Cas9, sgRNA, R1, R2
        
        Limitation
        
        potential off-target effects shorter recog seq.
        
        provoke immune response
        
        ethical concern
        
        mosaicism effect
        
        DETECTR
        
        diagnostic
        
        cleaves ssDNA
        
        Cas12a, gRNA,
        fluorophore + quencher, RPA
        
        RNA-Based Tool
        
        diagnostics
        
        SHERLOCK
        
        detects RNA using Cas13a, crRNA
        
        1 more item...
    - - Meganucleases
        
        Zinc Finger Nuclease
        
        3bp each (3-6 tog)
        
        FOK1, DSB
        
        protein design req.
        
        gene correction
        
        gene insertion
        
        gene knockout
        
        TALENs
        
        recog. 12-20 bp, each TALE = 1BP
        
        less off target
        
        less cytotoxic
        
        1 more item...
        
        12-40 bp
        
        FOK1, DSB
        
        Time-consuming, exxy