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Renal System - Coggle Diagram
Renal System
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Methods: midstream sample, catheterization, suprapubic aspiration.
Tests: Dipstick (nitrites, leukocyte esterase), urinalysis, culture with colony counts.
Treated with antibiotics, supportive care, and follow-up for underlying causes.
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Presents with nephritic syndrome: hematuria, edema, hypertension, renal insufficiency.
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Defined by proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), hyperlipidemia.
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Secondary NS (10%): Linked to infections, drugs, malignancies, immune disorders.
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Can be glomerular (brown urine, RBC casts, deformed RBCs, proteinuria) or extraglomerular (gross/terminal hematuria, blood clots, normal RBCs, minimal proteinuria).
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Heme-positive urine without RBCs: from hemoglobin (e.g., favism) or myoglobin.
Heme-negative causes: certain drugs (e.g., rifampin), food dyes.
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Glomerular: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, SLE, HUS, HSP.
Extraglomerular: Hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, trauma, stones.
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Lacks hematuria, hypertension, renal failure; responds well to steroids.
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More common in boys during neonatal period; later, girls are more affected (10:1).
Predisposing factors: short urethra, poor hygiene, VUR, congenital anomalies, constipation, instrumentation.
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Main pathogens: E. coli (75–90%), Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococcus, Staph. saprophyticus.