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SBU211E, PRESENTED BY, Link to Development Theories:, 09009f74ffb5ecb2b4a9…

- - - - Kingsley Davis: Urbanisation increase 1% of population in urban areas
      - OECD: Urban area= high density + accessibility to 50K + population center
  - - - 1950 → 30%
      - 2018 → 55%
      - 2050 → 68%
      - Urban Population Increase
      - 1950: 751 million
      - 2018: 4.3 billion
      - All growth happening in developing countries
      - Megacities (10M+ people)
      - Tokyo (37M), Delhi, Shanghai, Mexico City, São Paulo, Dhaka, Mumbai, Beijing
  - - - Poverty, unemployment and nautral disasters
      - Unequal land distribution, conflict and lack of resources
    - - Better jobs, income, healthcare and education
      - Modern lifestyle & infrastructure
  - - - Economic development
      - Modern services & infrastructure
      - Political & knowledge hubs
    - - Overcrowding, pollution ( air, water and noise)
      - Traffic congestion
      - Crime, homelessnes and urban poverty
      - Expensive housing, healthcare and education
  - - - Urbanisation affects:
      - Size & role of cities
      - Economy and employment base
      - Way of life and city hierarchies
- - - - Wirth's Urbanism:
        Cities = large, dense, socially diverse ~> unique "urban personality".
        TAKEAWAY: Density shapes behaviour (e.g., anonymity)
      - Burgess's Concentric Zones: Cities grow outward from CDB in rings (CDB - slums - suburbs). TAKEAWAY: Early model, but too simplistic for modern cities.
    - - Development in the periohery of region
      - Metropolitan spatial structure - determined by global structural forces
    - - Concept of city as a theater of class struggle
  - - - What is a city-a theatre of social action
    - - Urbanism as a way of life
        
        Social heterogeneity
        
        Population density
        
        Large population size
  - - - Paths
      - Districts
      - Landmarks
      - Nodes
      - Edges
    - - Encourage people to spend time outdoor and make interaction with others
    - - Sense of place
  - - - Preconditions for take-off
        
        Take-off
        
        Drive to maturity
        
        High mass consumption
- - - - Government
      - Private sector
      - Civil Society
  - - - Privatism is an idea that goes back to the 1700s in America. It’s all about the belief that both individual and community happiness can be found by pursuing personal wealth. :
      - The government’s role is to help private businesses grow, especially through free market systems.
        
        Public policies often aim to benefit private interests.
        
        Because of this belief:
      - Privatism is not the same as privatisation.
        
        Privatism is a broader way of thinking—it shapes how we see the world and the balance between public and private life.
        
        Privatisation is a specific action—like when governments hand over control of certain services or industries to private companies.
    - - Such partnerships become key to urban revitalisation as federal revenues for the following diminish:
        
        Economic Development
        
        Social Service
        
        Other urban programs
    - - Business executives + public officials [A + B]
      - Business partners + public officials + community organisations [A + B + C]
    - - Structural changes in the political economy of cities, nations & regions
      - STRUCTURE OF LOCAL POWER
        
         ELITIST model =Small group of people at the top of a stable pyramid of power will make all important
        decisions
        
         PLURALIST model=Different groups take the lead at different times depending on the issue. No one group dominates all the time.
        Even powerful business leaders are just one part of a bigger mix of influence, sharing space with many other independent and diverse groups.
        
         CORPORATIST model=Power is shared between government and organized private groups (like unions, business clubs, and community organizations).
        These groups are formally involved in decisions through things like boards, committees, licensing, and subsidies.
        
         MANAGERIALIST model= giving power and independence to civil servants and experts in local government. As cities grow more complex, politicians often rely on these experts to make informed decisions.
  - - -  Changing dynamics of urban economy
      -  Changes associated with aging people and places
      -  Changes in people’s values and expectations
    - - Physical restructuring (land use change and redevelopment in central city areas)
      - Changing neighbourhood composition (through residential mobility, aging, etc.)
      -  Metropolitan decentralization (new suburban & exurban development)
    - - Established residental areas: -Absence of conflict, except over schooling
      - Suburan & exsuburban residental areas:
        -Setting for all types of conflicts, except historic preservation & redevelopment
        -Penang’s controversial PENANG TRANSPORT
        MASTERPLAN.
      - Central business districts: -Redelopment
        -Historic preservation
        -Transportation
- - - - Deforestation of hill slopes in areas like Paya Terubong, Batu Maung, and Balik Pulau. Loss of natural ecosystem and biodiversity that affect local species
      - Increased Flooding
        
        Destruction of natural drainage and water absorption zones. Frequent flash floods in low-lying areas like Jelutong, Sungai Pinang,and Bayan Baru.
        
        Loss of agricultural Land
        
        Tradiitional farming areas in Balik Pulau are being replaced by residential development. Threatens local foods and security of the small impact
- - - - 5. Urban Sustainability Indicator
        
        Urban sustainability indicator show that in addition to development planned for the current generation, future generation are also given attention.
      - 6. Ecological Footprint
        
        A measure of a "load" imposed by a given population on nature
        
        It represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by that population (Wackernagel & Rees, 2010: 292)
        
        Link to Dudley Seers:
        
        Reducing unemployment/poverty
        
        e.g.: green jobs in recycling = lowers footprint.
        
        Helps assess whether a city or country is living within its environmental limits.
        
        Urban Impact:
        
        High footprint = sprawl, pollution (e.g., LA’s car dependency).
        
        Low footprint = compact cities (e.g., Tokyo’s efficient transit).
    - - Involves:
        
        Resilient infrastructure.
        
        Equitable access to services.
        
        Key Characteristics:
        
        Intergenerational equity (future-proofing cities).
        
        Minimal non-renewable resource use (e.g., solar-powered transit).
        
        Efficient resource use.
      - Urbanisation without sustainability leads to visible environmental costs [Smoggy city skyline – Los Angeles].
        The smog in this image is a result of high ecological footprints and unsustainable urban development.
      - Clean city with bike infrastructure – Copenhagen, Denmark]
        Clean air, bike-friendly infrastructure, and inclusive planning — a sustainable city model reducing footprint and increasing liveability.
      - A process of improving the quality of urban life while maintaining ecological balance.
  - - - 1. Concept of Development
  - - - Focuses on needs, especially of the world’s poor.
      - Recognizes environmental, social & technological limitations.
      - Balances economic growth with equity and environmental care.
        
        Quote: "The Earth is one, but the world is not" (Brundtland Report).
        
        → Highlight global inequality in urban resource use