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Tour of the Human Brain - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Functional Types of Cortex\n- Primary\n- Unimodal\n- Supramodal
        
        Primary Cortex\n- Initial level cortical processing\n- Low level info\n - Least abstract\n- Activity specific to one modality\n- Topographic maps\n - Arrangement reflects physical parameters
        
        Primary Visual Cortex/V1/Area 17\n- Retinal project to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus\n- LGN relay info to V1\n- V1 is first area to process visual info
        
        Retinotopic Organisation\n- Diff areas of visual field represented in discrete areas of cortex
        
        Primary Cortices\n- Orientation selectivity\n - Neurones fire in relation to orientation of visual stimuli\n - Organised into orientation-specific 'columns'
        
        Primary Auditory Cortex\n- Info relayed to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus\n- MGN project to primary auditory cortex in superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe\n- Cells fire in relation to auditory frequencies
        
        Cochleotopic Organisation\n- Diff areas of auditory field represented as neurones in three zones\n - RI, R & AI\n - Relate to high/low frequency
        
        Primary Motor Cortex\n- Sends info to spinal cord\n - Still primary cortical area as lowest point in motor heirarchy\n- When neurones stimulated diff muscle groups on cotralateral side activated\n- Neuronal recordings during movement\n - Population activity related to direction of movement
        
        Topographic Organisation\n- Diff areas of motor neurones represented in relation to brain
        
        Brain-Machine Interfaces\n-
        
        Neural Prosthetics
        
        Unimodal Cortex\n- Intermediate level cortical processing\n- Intermediate level info\n- Activity specific to one modality\n- Neural organisation in topographic maps\n - Reflect physical parameters less obviously
        
        Unimodal Visual Cortex\n- Plethora visual areas outside V1\n- Areas seem to be selectively responsive to specific visual properties\n- Visual perception appears to use 'divide & conquer' strategy\n - Processing distributed & specialised
        
        Area MT\n- Neurones selective for visual motion\n - Direction & location specific
        
        Visual Areas\n- Distributed in occipital, temporal & parietal lobe\n- Networked into dorsal & ventral stream\n- Info @ each level of stream becomes more abstract
        
        Dorsal Stream\n- Where pathway\n- Extends into parietal lobe\n- Processes location-related info
        
        Ventral Stream\n- What pathway\n- Extends into temporal lobe\n- Processes object-related info
        
        Unimodal Auditory Cortex\n- Areas in temporal lobe
        
        Auditory Areas\n- Core cortex\n- Belt cortex\n- Parabelt cortex
        
        Belt Cortex\n- Surrounds core cortex\n- Receive projections from core cortex\n- Composed seven fields on superior temporal gyrus
        
        Parabelt Cortex\n- Surround belt cortex\n- Receive input from belt cortex
        
        Unimodal Motor Cortex\n- Send outputs to primary motor cortex & spinal cord\n- All areas called premotor areas
        
        Premotor Areas\n- In frontal lobe\n- Several subdivisions\n- Function for preparatory activity in specific areas (Crammons & Kalaska, 2000)
        
        Subregions\n- Dorsal\n- Ventral\n- Medial
        
        Dorsal\n- Upper part on lateral convexity
        
        Ventral\n- Lower part of lateral convexity
        
        Medial\n- On medial wall
        
        Further Subdivision\n- Anterior\n- Posterior
        
        Areas\n- 6ab (F7) = Anterior PMd\n- 6aa (F2) = Posterior PMd\n- BA44/45 (F5) = Anterior PMv\n- Inferior BA 6 (F4) = Posterior PMv
        
        Supramodal Cortex\n- High level cortical processing\n- High level info\n - Very abstract\n- Activity specific to type info processing not single modality\n- Neural organisation reflect physical parameters less obviously
        
        Association/Heteromodal cortex\n- Neurones have very complex response properties\n- Sensory/motor-related neural activity often dependent on context\n- Where cortical hierarchies terminate
        
        Areas\n- Prefrontal cortex\n- Parietal cortex\n- Some temporal lobe areas